Convergence of Allergology and Immunology: Unveiling Mechanistic Insights

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 922

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Allergic diseases are one of the many faces of immune system dysfunction. They are inextricably linked to the development of civilization and affect an ever-increasing number of people. Although the mechanisms regulating the development of allergies seem fairly well understood, we still encounter certain unclear and surprising elements. Diagnostics of allergic diseases have been developing dynamically in recent years. We know more and more about allergens, their nature, factors, and the impact of the environment that determines their immunogenicity. However, we still do not have perfect diagnostic tools to effectively diagnose every type of allergy. Also, therapy of allergic diseases, although it has developed dynamically in recent years, still requires searching for new, more effective solutions. In this Special Issue, we want to focus on research into the mechanisms of allergic reactions, expanding knowledge about allergens and their relationships with the immune system, the impact of the changing environment on the dynamics of allergic diseases, and searching for new biomarkers of allergic diseases and new technologies for diagnosing and treating allergies, including the possibility of using immune regulation in the prevention and treatment of allergies. We hope that new research in these areas will help to highlight the problem of allergic diseases, resulting in new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Dr. Kinga Lis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • allergy
  • hypersensitivity
  • allergens
  • immunological mechanisms
  • immunological diagnostics
  • immunotherapy

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

22 pages, 2080 KiB  
Review
Desensitization for Vitamin B12 Hypersensitivity and How to Do It
by Kinga Lis
Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040801 - 26 Mar 2025
Viewed by 382
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is the common name for a group of cobalamins, which are cobalt corrines. Cobalamins are water-soluble B vitamins. Vitamin B12, as a coenzyme of various enzymes, is an essential component of many key metabolic processes in the body. Vitamin B12 deficiency [...] Read more.
Vitamin B12 is the common name for a group of cobalamins, which are cobalt corrines. Cobalamins are water-soluble B vitamins. Vitamin B12, as a coenzyme of various enzymes, is an essential component of many key metabolic processes in the body. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes dysfunction of various organs and systems in the body, including the central nervous system. Humans, like other animals, are unable to synthesize cobalamin. This vitamin must be supplied with a balanced diet. The only valuable dietary sources of cobalamin are foods of animal origin, especially offal (e.g., liver). Vegan and vegetarian diets are deficient in vitamin B12. People who follow this nutritional model require systematic cobalamin supplementation, usually in oral form. Other causes of cobalamin deficiency are various pathogenetic processes, in the course of which any of the stages of the complicated process of absorption of this vitamin from the gastrointestinal tract are impaired. Disorders of intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 require systematic supplementation of cobalamin parenterally (usually by intramuscular or subcutaneous injections) for the rest of life. Supplementary therapy with vitamin B12 may cause various adverse reactions, among which hypersensitivity reactions of various spectrums and intensity of symptoms are possible. According to available data, hypersensitivity to cobalamin is more likely after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration than in oral form. It also seems that long-term administration of cobalamin predisposes to allergy to vitamin B12, regardless of its chemical form. Although hypersensitivity to cobalamin is rather rare, it can also be of great clinical importance. This is due to the fact that vitamin B12 deficiency affects a significant part of the population, especially the elderly and those with chronic diseases that impair its absorption. In addition, supplementary therapy with cobalamin is long-term (usually lifelong) and there is no alternative form of treatment. For these reasons, solutions are sought that will allow for the safe continuation of treatment supplementing cobalamin deficiency. Various cyanocobalamin desensitization protocols are proposed, differing in duration, the dynamics of gradual dose increase, or the method of injection (intramuscular or subcutaneous). An analysis of available data in this field suggests that desensitization with cyanocobalamin seems to be an effective way to obtain tolerance to vitamin B12, allowing for long-term supplementation of this vitamin regardless of the chemical form, dose size, frequency, or route of administration. Full article
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