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Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions

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A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Regenerative Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 March 2023) | Viewed by 21398

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Prof. Dr. Peng Wu

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Guest Editor

Department of Medical Equipment, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Interests: hemodynamics; CFD; blood pumps; modeling of blood damage; design and optimization of blood contacting devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Zengsheng Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Interests: hemodynamics; biomechanics; artificial pump lung; ECMO; mechanical assist device; thrombosis; blood damage

Dr. Qiang Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Interests: cardiovascular biomechanics; stent/scaffold design and evaluation; bone biomechanics; tissue engineering

Prof. Dr. Tinghui Zheng

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Interests: hemodynamics; biomechanics; artificial pump lung; ECMO; mechanical assist device; thrombosis; blood damage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Blood-contacting artificial organs, including blood pumps, hemodialyzers, membrane oxygenators, catheters, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) components, stents, heart valves, grafts, hemodialysis catheters, etc., are commonly applied to treat and/or bridge patients suffering from organ failure of various etiologies in the circulatory system. It is well known that blood-contacting devices can be followed by hemolytic and thromboembolic consequences, for which anticoagulant therapy is mandatory. These phenomena are triggered by blood–device interaction in terms of both and mechanical and chemical stimuli. The exposure to non-physiological stress in the flow field may induce hemolysis and trigger platelet activation and aggregation, which is one of the driving factors for thrombosis. Application of biomaterials in direct blood contact activates blood coagulation system and an inflammatory reaction. Computer simulations represent an important tool to study the hemodynamics of blood-contacting artificial organs, device–organ interaction, and device-induced blood damage, and to aid the design and optimization of these devices. The design requirements of blood-contacting devices are much higher than those of ordinary equipment, which requires simulations to have sufficient accuracy.

Therefore, this Special Issue looks for papers in areas including, but not limited to, computational solid mechanics; computational fluid mechanics; modeling of blood damage such as hemolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, etc.; study on the interaction between device; blood vessels/heart and circulatory systems; and design and optimization of blood contacting devices using computational modeling.

Dr. Peng Wu
Prof. Dr. Zengsheng Chen
Dr. Qiang Chen
Prof. Dr. Tinghui Zheng
Guest Editors

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Keywords

hemodynamics
simulation
finite element method
fluid–structure interaction
hemolysis, platelet activation and thrombosis
design and optimization of blood contacting devices

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Short-Term and Long-Term Risks Associated with Renal Artery Stenosis Position and Severity: A Hemodynamic Study

by Yawei Zhao, Yike Shi, Yusheng Jin, Yifan Cao, Hui Song, Lingfeng Chen, Fen Li, Xiaona Li and Weiyi Chen

Bioengineering 2023, 10(9), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091002 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

Background: Moderate renal artery stenosis (50–70%) may lead to uncontrolled hypertension and eventually cause irreversible damage to renal function. However, the clinical criteria for interventional treatment are still ambiguous in this condition. This study investigated the impact of the position and degree of renal artery stenosis on hemodynamics near the renal artery to assess the short-term and long-term risks associated with this disease. Methods: Calculation models with different degrees of stenosis (50%, 60%, and 70%) located at different positions in the right renal artery were established based on the computed tomography angiography (CTA) of a personalized case. And computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to analyze hemodynamic surroundings near the renal artery. Results: As the degree of stenosis increases and the stenosis position is far away from the aorta, there is a decrease in renal perfusion. An analysis of the wall shear stress (WSS)-related parameters indicated areas near the renal artery (downstream of the stenosis and the entrance of the right renal artery) with potential long-term risks of thrombosis and inflammation. Conclusion: The position and degree of stenosis play a significant role in judging short-term risks associated with renal perfusion. Moreover, clinicians should consider not only short-term risks but also independent long-term risk factors, such as certain regions of 50% stenosis with adequate renal perfusion may necessitate prompt intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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16 pages, 8652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hemodynamic Evaluation of a Centrifugal Left Atrial Decompression Pump for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

by Navideh Abbasnezhad, Mathieu Specklin, Farid Bakir, Pascal Leprince and Pichoy Danial

Bioengineering 2023, 10(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030366 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3231

Abstract

This article discusses a new continuous flow mini pump that has been developed to improve symptoms and prognosis in patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), for which there are currently no established treatments. The pump is designed to discharge a reduced percentage of blood volume from the left atrium to the subclavian artery, clamped at the bifurcation with the aortic arch. The overall specifications, design parameters, and hemodynamics of this new device are discussed, along with data from in vitro circulation loop tests and numerical simulations. The article also compares the results for two configurations of the pump with respect to key indicators of hemocompatibility used in blood pump development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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16 pages, 4523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Inlet Boundary Conditions on the Prediction of Flow Field and Hemolysis in Blood Pumps Using Large-Eddy Simulation

by Wen-Jing Xiang, Jia-Dong Huo, Wei-Tao Wu and Peng Wu

Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020274 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

Inlet boundary conditions (BC) are one of the uncertainties which may influence the prediction of flow field and hemolysis in blood pumps. This study investigated the influence of inlet BC, including the length of inlet pipe, type of inlet BC (mass flow rate or experimental velocity profile) and turbulent intensity (no perturbation, 5%, 10%, 20%) on the prediction of flow field and hemolysis of a benchmark centrifugal blood pump (the FDA blood pump) and a commercial axial blood pump (Heartmate II), using large-eddy simulation. The results show that the influence of boundary conditions on integral pump performance metrics, including pressure head and hemolysis, is negligible. The influence on local flow structures, such as velocity distributions, mainly existed in the inlet. For the centrifugal FDA blood pump, the influence of type of inlet BC and inlet position on velocity distributions can also be observed at the diffuser. Overall, the effects of position of inlet and type of inlet BC need to be considered if local flow structures are the focus, while the influence of turbulent intensity is negligible and need not be accounted for during numerical simulations of blood pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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14 pages, 4182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Postoperative Remodeling Characteristics after Modular Inner Branched Stent-Graft Treatment of Aortic Arch Pathologies Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

by Fen Li, Yating Zhu, Hui Song, Hongpeng Zhang, Lingfeng Chen and Wei Guo

Bioengineering 2023, 10(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020164 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2304

Abstract

The modular inner branched stent-graft (MIBSG), a novel interventional therapy, has demonstrated good effects in the endovascular treatment of aortic arch pathologies, especially those involving the supra-aortic branches. Nevertheless, the long-term efficacy of the MIBSG and in-depth quantitative evaluation of postoperative outcomes remain to be examined. Moreover, the regularity of postoperative vascular remodeling induced by MIBSG implantation has yet to be explored. To address these questions, we constructed four models (normal, preoperative, 1 week postoperative, and 6 months postoperative) based on a single patient case to perform computational fluid dynamics simulations. The morphological and hemodynamic characteristics, including the velocity profile, flow rate distribution, and hemodynamic parameter distribution (wall shear stress and its derivative parameters), were investigated. After MIBSG implantation, the morphology of the supra-aortic branches changed significantly, and the branch point moved forward to the proximal ascending aorta. Moreover, the curvature radius of the aortic arch axis continued to change. These changes in morphology altered the characteristics of the flow field and wall shear stress distribution. As a result, the local forces exerted on the vessel wall by the blood led to vessel remodeling. This study provides insight into the vascular remodeling process after MIBSG implantation, which occurs as a result of the interplay between vascular morphological characteristics and blood flow characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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14 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Modelling of Cerebral Blood Flow Rate at Different Stages of Moyamoya Disease in Adults and Children

by Surhan Bozkurt and Selim Bozkurt

Bioengineering 2023, 10(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010077 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3125

Abstract

Moyamoya disease is a cerebrovascular disorder which causes a decrease in the cerebral blood flow rate. In this study, a lumped parameter model describing the pressures and flow rates in the heart chambers, circulatory system, and cerebral circulation with the main arteries in the circle of Willis, pial circulation, cerebral capillaries, and veins was used to simulate Moyamoya disease with and without coarctation of the aorta in adults and children. Cerebral blood flow rates were 724 mL/min and 1072 mL/min in the healthy adult and child cardiovascular system models. The cerebral blood flow rates in the adult and child cardiovascular system models simulating Moyamoya disease were 676 mL/min and 1007 mL/min in stage 1, 627 mL/min and 892 mL/min in stage 2, 571 mL/min and 831 in stage 3, and 444 and 537 mL/min in stage 4. The cerebral blood flow rates were 926 mL/min and 1421 mL/min in the adult and child cardiovascular system models simulating coarctation of the aorta. Furthermore, the cerebral blood flow rates in the adult and child cardiovascular system model simulating Moyamoya disease with coarctation of the aorta were 867 mL/min and 1341 mL/min in stage 1, 806 mL/min and 1197 mL/min in stage 2, 735 mL/min and 1121 in stage 3, and 576 and 741 mL/min in stage 4. The numerical model utilised in this study can simulate the advancing stages of Moyamoya disease and evaluate the associated risks with Moyamoya disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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14 pages, 1713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hemodynamic Effect of Pulsatile on Blood Flow Distribution with VA ECMO: A Numerical Study

by Kaiyun Gu, Sizhe Gao, Zhe Zhang, Bingyang Ji and Yu Chang

Bioengineering 2022, 9(10), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9100487 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4528

Abstract

The pulsatile properties of arterial flow and pressure have been thought to be important. Nevertheless, a gap still exists in the hemodynamic effect of pulsatile flow in improving blood flow distribution of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) supported by the circulatory system. The finite-element models, consisting of the aorta, VA ECMO, and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) are proposed for fluid-structure interaction calculation of the mechanical response. Group A is cardiogenic shock with 1.5 L/min of cardiac output. Group B is cardiogenic shock with VA ECMO. Group C is added to IABP based on Group B. The sum of the blood flow of cardiac output and VA ECMO remains constant at 4.5 L/min in Group B and Group C. With the recovery of the left ventricular, the flow of VA ECMO declines, and the effective blood of IABP increases. IABP plays the function of balancing blood flow between left arteria femoralis and right arteria femoralis compared with VA ECMO only. The difference of the equivalent energy pressure (dEEP) is crossed at 2.0 L/min to 1.5 L/min of VA ECMO. PPI’ (the revised pulse pressure index) with IABP is twice as much as without IABP. The intersection with two opposing blood generates the region of the aortic arch for the VA ECMO (Group B). In contrast to the VA ECMO, the blood intersection appears from the descending aorta to the renal artery with VA ECMO and IABP. The maximum time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) of the renal artery is a significant difference with or not IABP (VA ECMO: 2.02 vs. 1.98 vs. 2.37 vs. 2.61 vs. 2.86 Pa; VA ECMO and IABP: 8.02 vs. 6.99 vs. 6.62 vs. 6.30 vs. 5.83 Pa). In conclusion, with the recovery of the left ventricle, the flow of VA ECMO declines and the effective blood of IABP increases. The difference between the equivalent energy pressure (EEP) and the surplus hemodynamic energy (SHE) indicates the loss of pulsation from the left ventricular to VA ECMO. 2.0 L/min to 1.5 L/min of VA ECMO showing a similar hemodynamic energy loss with the weak influence of IABP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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12 pages, 2350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast and Accurate Computation of the Displacement Force of Stent Grafts after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

by Ming Qing, Zhan Liu and Tinghui Zheng

Bioengineering 2022, 9(9), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090447 - 6 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2246

Abstract

Purpose: Currently, the displacement force of stent grafts is generally obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which requires professional CFD knowledge to perform the correct simulation. This study proposes a fast, simple, and clinician-friendly approach to calculating the patient-specific displacement force after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods: Twenty patient-specific post-EVAR computed tomography angiography images were used to reconstruct the patient-specific three-dimensional models, then the displacement forces were calculated using CFD and the proposed approaches, respectively, and their numerical differences were compared and analyzed. Results: Based on the derivation and simplification of the momentum theorem, the patient-specific displacement forces were obtained using the information of the patient-specific pressure, cross-sectional area, and angulation of the two stent graft ends, and the average relative error was no greater than 1.37% when compared to the displacement forces calculated by CFD. In addition, the linear regression analysis also showed good agreement between the displacement force values calculated by the new approach and CFD (R = 0.999). Conclusions: The proposed approach can quickly and accurately calculate the patient-specific displacement force on a stent graft and can therefore help clinicians quickly evaluate the post-EVAR displacement force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling of Blood Contacting Devices: Updates and Future Directions)

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