Climate Change and Its Effects over Spain

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2025) | Viewed by 1146

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Guest Editor
Climate Research Foundation, European University of Madrid, 28013 Madrid, Spain
Interests: climate; meteorology; environment; forecast; prediction; hydrology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change poses a number of risks that affect the development and economies of all countries in the world, which in recent decades have been hit by extreme weather events associated with climate change.

It is expected that, in the coming decades, the temperature (both maximum and minimum) will rise throughout Spain by between 2 and 4 °C and that there will be slight changes in the amount of precipitation accumulated annually, albeit with more concentrated precipitation events over time, as well as increasingly intense extreme phenomena. In other words, events such as heat waves, droughts, extreme precipitation, etc., will occur more frequently, considerably increasing the socio-economic risk associated with their presence.

In order to assess and/or estimate climate risk, it is necessary to define it according to the degree to which climate impacts affect the sector being assessed and/or estimated. In this sense, it is necessary to bear in mind that Spain is one of the regions most vulnerable to climate change and that the impact of climate change does not affect all regions or sectors homogeneously in the same way.

This Special Issue invites contributions describing the effects of climate change in Spain on sectors such as agriculture, health, economy, energy, etc., addressing new methodological aspects and adaptation approaches.

Dr. Emma Gaitán Fernández
Dr. María Rosa Pino-Otín
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • climate change
  • climate impacts
  • Spain
  • climatic extreme events
  • impacts on health
  • biodiversity
  • energy
  • socioeconomic scenarios

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

15 pages, 2680 KB  
Article
Climate Change Impacts on Olive Growing in Extremadura (Spain) Based on Different Bioclimatic Indices and Future Climate Scenarios
by Virginia Alberdi Nieves
Atmosphere 2026, 17(3), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17030309 - 18 Mar 2026
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Olive cultivation is widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin, where the world’s main producing countries are located. Regions such as Extremadura are considered to be at high risk from the effects of climate change in the near future. In particular, olive cultivation is highly [...] Read more.
Olive cultivation is widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin, where the world’s main producing countries are located. Regions such as Extremadura are considered to be at high risk from the effects of climate change in the near future. In particular, olive cultivation is highly sensitive to climate change and can suffer profound effects on phenology and yield. This crop depends directly on variables such as maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall. In this study, we have analysed how olive cultivation could be affected by calculating two bioclimatic indices, the Dryness Index (DI) and the Cool Night Index (CI), for three future periods. The methodology used projected ten combinations of climate models in two scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The results showed significant variations in the bioclimatic indices over the periods, which were used to calculate the water stress and extreme temperatures that these crops could suffer. They indicate that most of Extremadura will continue to be suitable for cultivation in the near future (2006–2035), while by the middle of the century (2036–2065) 67% of the area will remain temperate, where 72% of the olive groves are located, with a Dryness Index of 18% in the very dry category. By the end of the century (2066–2095), the zone will be 60–34% warm and very dry, with a Dryness Index of 72%. These results show that it will probably be necessary to create new areas suitable for olive cultivation and new varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Its Effects over Spain)
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