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Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites
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Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 15851

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexander S. Brand

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Interests: materials science of civil infrastructure materials; use of recycled and by-product materials in concrete; hydration kinetics; advanced characterization techniques; rigid pavement engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Towards a goal of sustainability in civil infrastructure, the utilization of all available waste and by-product resources is paramount. Steel furnace slag is one such by-product material that has seen minimal use, owing to the potential for significant expansive properties. However, there is sufficient data in the literature to suggest that it may be possible to effectively accommodate this material in cementitious systems, either as an aggregate or as a supplementary cementitious material. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences, “Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites”, is intended for a wide and interdisciplinary audience and covers recent advances in

  • The beneficiation of steel furnace slag aggregates for use in concrete;
  • The durability of concrete with steel furnace slag aggregates;
  • The reactivity of steel furnace slags as a supplementary cementitious material;
  • Steel furnace slags in alkali-activated materials;
  • Advanced characterization techniques to study the effects of steel furnace slags on the properties of cementitious composites;
  • Case studies of using steel furnace slags in civil infrastructure applications.

Dr. Alexander S. Brand
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • steel furnace slag aggregates
  • electric arc furnace slag
  • basic oxygen furnace slag
  • recycling
  • sustainability
  • concrete

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
Reaction of Converter Slag with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Its Potential Applicability as Aggregate for Concrete
by Hoon Moon, Kyeongtae Kim, Ji-Hyun Kim, Minhee Lee and Chul-Woo Chung
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041918 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
The presence of free lime and periclase in converter slag prevents it from directly being utilized as a source of concrete aggregate due to the deleterious expansion caused by reaction of free lime and periclase. In general, a six-month aging period is suggested [...] Read more.
The presence of free lime and periclase in converter slag prevents it from directly being utilized as a source of concrete aggregate due to the deleterious expansion caused by reaction of free lime and periclase. In general, a six-month aging period is suggested in order to avoid any potential problems, but it is a tedious process that requires a long period of time. In this work, supercritical CO2 (SCD) was used to reduce the aging period down to one day or so. Since SCD creates a more aggressive environment for reaction, it can directly attack the surface of free lime and periclase to induce expansive reaction before using converter slag as concrete aggregate. According to the experimental results, the surface of converter slag was successfully carbonated by SCD, showing 7.80% of CO2 uptake by weight of converter slag. It was found that the mortar bar made of reacted converter slag reduced the amount of expansion. The 28-day compressive strength of mortar with converter slag was slightly reduced after reaction with SCD, but it was still 32% higher than mortar made of conventional sand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites)
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8 pages, 1586 KiB  
Article
Effect of Fly Ash on Compressive Strength, Drying Shrinkage, and Carbonation Depth of Mortar with Ferronickel-Slag Powder
by Se-Jin Choi, Ji-Hwan Kim, Sung-Ho Bae and Tae-Gue Oh
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031037 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2271
Abstract
In recent years, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have continued worldwide. In the construction industry, a large amount of CO2 is generated during the production of Portland cement, and various studies are being conducted to reduce the amount of cement and [...] Read more.
In recent years, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have continued worldwide. In the construction industry, a large amount of CO2 is generated during the production of Portland cement, and various studies are being conducted to reduce the amount of cement and enable the use of cement substitutes. Ferronickel slag is a by-product generated by melting materials such as nickel ore and bituminous coal, which are used as raw materials to produce ferronickel at high temperatures. In this study, we investigated the fluidity, microhydration heat, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and carbonation characteristics of a ternary cement mortar including ferronickel-slag powder and fly ash. According to the test results, the microhydration heat of the FA20FN00 sample was slightly higher than that of the FA00FN20 sample. The 28-day compressive strength of the FA20FN00 mix was approximately 39.6 MPa, which was higher than that of the other samples, whereas the compressive strength of the FA05FN15 mix including 15% of ferronickel-slag powder was approximately 11.6% lower than that of the FA20FN00 mix. The drying shrinkage of the FA20FN00 sample without ferronickel-slag powder was the highest after 56 days, whereas the FA00FN20 sample without fly ash showed the lowest shrinkage compared to the other mixes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites)
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21 pages, 5091 KiB  
Article
Optimal Mixture Designs for Heavy Metal Encapsulation in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash
by Ying Wang, Wen Ni, Siqi Zhang, Jia Li and Prannoy Suraneni
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6948; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196948 - 4 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Mixing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) with industrial by-products such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and ladle furnace slag (LFS) can lead to a hardened system which can encapsulate the heavy metals present in the MSWIFA. The objective of [...] Read more.
Mixing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) with industrial by-products such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and ladle furnace slag (LFS) can lead to a hardened system which can encapsulate the heavy metals present in the MSWIFA. The objective of this study is to find optimal mixture designs to effectively encapsulate these heavy metals. The nature of the hydrates and the strength of the mixtures are studied to develop a sustainable and practical construction material incorporating MSWIFA. Heavy metals including Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd are safely encapsulated in several developed mixtures with leachate concentration below EPA drinking water limit. The encapsulation behavior is complex and depends on metal type, age of testing, and hydration products. In general, mixtures containing LFS have more aluminate hydrates, and show greater encapsulation capacity for most heavy metals. However, they also generally show significant Sb leaching. Mixtures which show satisfactory encapsulation for all ions and adequate strength development are identified. Three ideal mixtures, including one containing zero cement, are identified which satisfy both leaching and strength requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites)
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Review

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27 pages, 675 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Influence of Steel Furnace Slag Type on the Properties of Cementitious Composites
by Alexander S. Brand and Ebenezer O. Fanijo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8210; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228210 - 19 Nov 2020
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 7302
Abstract
The type of steel furnace slag (SFS), including electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag, and argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, can significantly affect the composite properties when used as an aggregate or as a [...] Read more.
The type of steel furnace slag (SFS), including electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag, and argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) slag, can significantly affect the composite properties when used as an aggregate or as a supplementary cementitious material in bound applications, such as concretes, mortars, alkali-activated materials, and stabilized soils. This review seeks to collate the findings from the literature to express the variability in material properties and to attempt to explain the source(s) of the variability. It was found that SFS composition and properties can be highly variable, including different compositions on the exterior and interior of a given SFS particle, which can affect bonding conditions and be one source of variability on composite properties. A suite of tests is proposed to better assess a given SFS stock for potential use in bound applications; at a minimum, the SFS should be evaluated for free CaO content, expansion potential, mineralogical composition, cementitious composite mechanical properties, and chemical composition with secondary tests, including cementitious composite durability properties, microstructural characterization, and free MgO content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Steel Furnace Slag in Cementitious Composites)
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