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Applied Sciences
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Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application
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Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 5961

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jacek Salach

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Boboli 8, 02-525 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: magnetic materials; amorphous materials; magnetic characteristics; magnetoelastic characteristics; magnetics sensors; magnetoelastic sensors; induction components; non-destructive testing; electromagnetic testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic materials have been in development for many years. Each new development materials makes it possible to use as a electronic components, actuators and sensors. Material properties that are an obstacle in one area in another may be an advantage. Material that is useless to one scientist for another can be a great material for research and application. However, in order to be able to research any material, one must know about it. To be able to use a material to build a sensor or actuator, you need to know its characteristics, parameters, as well as advantages and disadvantages. To be able to develop a new material, you need to know the needs that the material must meet. The aim of this special issues is to integrate those who develop new materials, those who research and those who apply them. Without such an exchange of opportunities and needs, there can be no rapid progress.

Dr. Jacek Salach
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic materials
  • amorphous materials
  • magnetic characteristics
  • magnetoelastic characteristics
  • magnetics sensors
  • magnetoelastic sensors
  • induction components

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 2521 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Ca–Al–Mn–Si Substitution Level for Enhanced Magnetic Properties of M-Type Sr-Hexaferrites for Permanent Magnet Application
by Jun-Pyo Lim, Eel-Ho Yun and Young-Min Kang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12708; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312708 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 452
Abstract
Enhanced hard magnetic properties were achieved in M-type hexaferrite by optimizing the substitution levels of Mn, Al, and Si for Fe, and Ca for Sr within SrFe12O19. The addition of Al–Si–Mn effectively controlled crystallite growth, resulting in an increased [...] Read more.
Enhanced hard magnetic properties were achieved in M-type hexaferrite by optimizing the substitution levels of Mn, Al, and Si for Fe, and Ca for Sr within SrFe12O19. The addition of Al–Si–Mn effectively controlled crystallite growth, resulting in an increased coercivity (HC), while causing a decrease in the remanent magnetization (4πMr). A higher Ca content exhibited a trend of increasing the sintered density but decreasing the 4πMr and HC. The optimized composition, considering both the 4πMr and HC, was determined to be Sr0.8Ca0.2Fe10.2Mn0.1Al0.2Si0.1O19−d, with a sintered density of 4.84 g/cm3, 4πMr = 2.22 kG, and HC = 5.10 kOe. This result demonstrates the achievement of isotropic magnets with controlled crystal growth and densification without additional sintering additives. This development is promising, as this enhancement could be achieved without the use of cobalt, an expensive but essential ingredient in high-performance permanent magnets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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10 pages, 3924 KiB  
Communication
Modeling Dynamic Hysteresis Curves in Amorphous Magnetic Ribbons
by Krzysztof Chwastek, Mariusz Najgebauer, Paweł Jabłoński, Tomasz Szczegielniak, Dariusz Kusiak, Branko Koprivica, Marko Rosić and Srđan Divac
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9134; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169134 - 10 Aug 2023
Viewed by 889
Abstract
A description of magnetic hysteresis is important for the prediction of losses in soft magnetic materials. In this paper, a viscosity-type equation is used to describe dynamic hysteresis loops in an amorphous ring core for symmetric excitation, as prescribed by international standards. The [...] Read more.
A description of magnetic hysteresis is important for the prediction of losses in soft magnetic materials. In this paper, a viscosity-type equation is used to describe dynamic hysteresis loops in an amorphous ring core for symmetric excitation, as prescribed by international standards. The value of the exponent appearing in the viscosity-based equation can be assumed to be constant if the maximum induction is away from the saturation value. The viscosity-type equation is used to describe the shape variation of magnetization curves due to eddy currents in different time and space scales. Modeling is carried out for various excitation frequencies and induction amplitudes. The discrepancies between the experimental and modeled curves (and also losses) are acceptable in the wide range of the frequency and maximum induction. The paper indicates that the viscosity-type effects, mostly due to eddy currents generated in the conductive material, play an important role in energy dissipation at increased excitation frequencies. The modeling results might be interesting to the designers of magnetic circuits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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18 pages, 4235 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research into the Efficiency of an Electromagnetic Mill
by Dariusz Całus
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 8717; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158717 - 28 Jul 2023
Viewed by 617
Abstract
This paper presents a method for quantitative assessment of the efficiency of an EMM, taking into consideration its design parameters (dimensions, winding data, etc.) and technological indicators of the milling process (mass of the milled substance, mass of the mill, milling time, etc.). [...] Read more.
This paper presents a method for quantitative assessment of the efficiency of an EMM, taking into consideration its design parameters (dimensions, winding data, etc.) and technological indicators of the milling process (mass of the milled substance, mass of the mill, milling time, etc.). The performance of an EMM is characterized in terms of two indicators—the efficiency of the milling itself, and its quality. The EMM efficiency was expressed as the ratio of the ground mass to the time taken for the grinding, and the grinding quality was given as the ratio of the mass of the smallest fraction obtained as a result of grinding to the total ground mass. Those indicators were calculated on the basis of the analysis of empirical results obtained using an EMM comprising a rotating magnetic field. The efficiency and quality of grinding were taken into account to determine these indicators. Moreover, a deterministic relation was established between this efficiency and quality of milling and the calculation values—the average number of millstone impacts and average impulse magnitude of ground material impacts, calculated using mathematical modelling of the grinding process. An algorithm applicable for determining the performance of the EMM and the quality of grinding was proposed on the basis of the results of this research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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25 pages, 9033 KiB  
Article
A Study of Magnetic Mill Productivity
by Dariusz Całus, Oleksandr Makarchuk, Piotr Domanowski and Sławomir Bujnowski
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6538; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116538 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 997
Abstract
The paper explores the characteristic indicators of the operation of a magnetic mill. A magnetic mill is a device designed for grinding or mixing substances by interaction with ferromagnetic working elements moving in a rotating magnetic field. The study established the main factors [...] Read more.
The paper explores the characteristic indicators of the operation of a magnetic mill. A magnetic mill is a device designed for grinding or mixing substances by interaction with ferromagnetic working elements moving in a rotating magnetic field. The study established the main factors influencing force interaction between the components of such a system. An analysis of the magnetic field inside the working zone of the mill was conducted and the method of calculating the quantitative indicators of this interaction was found. The method responds to changes in the size of these elements, their position in the mill working area and changes in the intensity of the magnetic field. A mathematical model was developed. The model is used for calculating the trajectories of movement of the ferromagnetic elements that are placed in a rotating magnetic field and are confined by space of the working zone of the mill. Indicators directly related to the productivity of the grinding/mixing process were determined following an analysis of the simulation results. Based on comparison of the results obtained by calculation and experimental methods, it was proven that the proposed method is suitable for evaluating the productivity of the grinding/mixing process in a real technological system containing a magnetic mill. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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11 pages, 8365 KiB  
Article
Development of Multi-Cation-Doped M-Type Hexaferrite Permanent Magnets
by Jun-Pyo Lim, Min-Gu Kang and Young-Min Kang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010295 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1166
Abstract
We report enhanced permanent magnet performance for multi-cation–substituted M-type Sr-hexaferrites (SrM) prepared using conventional ceramic processes. The final cation composition, Sr0.4Ca0.3La0.3Fe10.2Co0.1Mn0.1Si0.05Mg0.05O19, could be derived through [...] Read more.
We report enhanced permanent magnet performance for multi-cation–substituted M-type Sr-hexaferrites (SrM) prepared using conventional ceramic processes. The final cation composition, Sr0.4Ca0.3La0.3Fe10.2Co0.1Mn0.1Si0.05Mg0.05O19, could be derived through stepwise and systematic cation composition designs, processing, and characterization. The hexaferrites sample sintered in the temperature range of 1200–1220 °C showed an enhanced coercivity (HC) of approximately 4.0 kOe and a residual magnetic flux density (Br) of 2.5–2.6 kG. When samples of the same composition were fabricated into anisotropic magnets through a magnetic-field molding process, performance parameters of Br = 4.42 kG, HC = 3.57 kOe, and BHmax = 4.70 M·G·Oe were achieved, a significant improvement over Br = 4.21 kG, HC = 3.18 kOe, and BHmax = 4.24 M·G·Oe for the non-substituted SrFe12O19 magnet processed under optimized conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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12 pages, 3619 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of the Magnetic Properties in Si4+-Li+-Substituted M-Type Hexaferrites for Permanent Magnets
by Jin-Young You, Kang-Hyuk Lee, Young-Min Kang and Sang-Im Yoo
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12295; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312295 - 01 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1206
Abstract
A series of charge-balanced Si4+-M1+,2+ (M = Mg2+, K+, Li+) substitution compositions with the chemical formulae of SrFe12−2xSixMgxO19 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2), Sr [...] Read more.
A series of charge-balanced Si4+-M1+,2+ (M = Mg2+, K+, Li+) substitution compositions with the chemical formulae of SrFe12−2xSixMgxO19 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2), Sr1−yFe12−ySiyKyO19 (y = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2), and SrFe12−z(Si0.6Li0.6)zO19 (z = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) were prepared using conventional ceramic processes. While the sole doping of Si with x = 0.1 (SrFe12−xSixO19 (x = 0.1)) causes a noticeable Fe2O3 phase formation, the co-doping of Si-Mg and Si-Li allow a single M-type phase formation with x up to x = 0.1 and z = 0.4, respectively. Notably, a 2.6% increase in the saturation magnetization was obtained for Si-Li-substituted SrM with z = 0.05—that is, SrFe11.95Si0.03Li0.03O19. Enhancement of the magnet performance can also be achieved when anisotropic permanent magnets are fabricated based on the substitution composition SrFe11.95Si0.03Li0.03O19. The remnant magnetic flux density was improved by 2.5% compared to that of the unsubstituted SrM (from 4207 to 4314 G). The maximum energy product (BHmax) value also increased from 4.24 to 4.46 M·G·Oe. The enhancement in permanent magnet performance is attributed to the increase in the MS of SrM by the optimal Si-Li substitution. This is a promising result because enhanced permanent magnet performance is achieved with intrinsic magnetic property improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials: Characterization and Sensing Application)
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