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Special Issue "Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section"

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences and Geography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 October 2023 | Viewed by 3716

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrea L. Rizzo

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Guest Editor

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: isotope geochemistry (mainly light noble gas and CO₂) in gases, waters, minerals/rocks (fluid inclusions) from volcanic/geothermal areas and lithospheric mantle; application of isotope geochemistry to volcano monitoring

Prof. Dr. Hua Zhong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: transport and transformation of contaminants in natural porous media; soil and groundwater remediation; colloid and nanoparticle transport; ISCO; SEAR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Na Zhao

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Guest Editor

Sate Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Interests: climate variations and trends; climate extremes; detection and attribution; climate modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the Editorial Board Members of the section Earth Sciences and Geography, we are glad to announce the Special Issue “Feature Review Papers in the ‘Earth Sciences and Geography’ Section”. This Special Issue aims to collect high-quality reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from the field of earth sciences and geography (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/sections/earth_sciences_geography).

We hope all published papers will be widely read and highly influential in the field. The topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Remote sensing;
Geohazards;
Geochemistry;
Geophysics;
Geotechnical engineering;
Marine geoscience;
Stratigraphic geology or stratigraphy;
Hydrological and hydrogeological sciences;
Environmental contamination;
Climate studies.

Dr. Andrea L. Rizzo
Prof. Dr. Hua Zhong
Dr. Na Zhao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2300 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Remote sensing
Geoinformatics
Geohazards
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Geology
Geosciences
Mineral Resources
Geotechnical engineering
Marine geoscience
Hydrological and hydrogeological sciences
Environmental contamination
Climate studies
Big Data
Artificial Intelligence

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

Use of Land Gravity Data in Small Areas to Support Structural Geology, a Case Study in Eskişehir Basin, Turkey

Emir Balkan

and

Muammer Tün

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042286 - 10 Feb 2023

Viewed by 638

Abstract

Various researchers have contributed to the literature on the locations and lengths of existing faults in the Eskişehir Basin, Turkey. However, the majority of the literature on the subject bases its results on fault indications observed on the surface, for example, surface ruptures. In addition, studies using geophysical methods in order to reveal buried faults have also fallen short regarding depth compared to gravity. In order to have a better understanding, the gravity method was applied with a total of 448 gravity measurements on five parallel lines in the north–south direction of the study area, which also includes the urban area of the Eskişehir Basin. Considering the neotectonics of the Eskişehir basin, the measurement lines were chosen to perpendicularly cut the east–west extending faults of the Eskişehir fault zone. For the first time in the literature, a detailed Bouguer gravity anomaly map has been obtained for the Eskişehir Basin using land gravity measurements. The edge detection Horizontal Gradient Magnitude (HGM) and Euler Deconvolution (ED) methods were applied to obtained Bouguer anomaly data. Both of these use spatial analysis of Bouguer gravity anomalies. An HGM map shows the presence of maximum amplitude areas in the south and north of the study, and these areas were found to be compatible with the known faults in the literature. ED solutions also support HGM maximums. The relationship between the lineaments obtained from the edge detections and the seismicity of the region were examined. It can be seen that the results obtained from both the HGM and ED edge detection methods are highly compatible with each other, and highly related to the structural geology of the region. Although great agreement with the faults in the literature was determined by both methods, only the ED method showed a number of newly found faults in the area. In addition, the locations of the known faults in the region were supported by the geo-physical gravity method for the first time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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Open AccessArticle

Geospatial Evaluation of Cropping Pattern and Cropping Intensity Using Multi Temporal Harmonized Product of Sentinel-2 Dataset on Google Earth Engine

and

Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12583; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412583 - 08 Dec 2022

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Due to the declining land resources over the past few decades, the intensification of land uses has played a significant role in balancing the ever-increasing demand for food in developing nations such as India. To optimize agricultural land uses, one of the crucial indicators is cropping intensity, which measures the number of times a single parcel of land is farmed. Therefore, it is imperative to create a timely and accurate cropping intensity map so that landowners and agricultural planners can use it to determine the best course of action for the present and for the future. In the present study, we have developed an algorithm on Google Earth Engine (GEE) to depict cropping patterns and further fused it with a GIS environment to depict cropping intensity in the arid western plain zone of Rajasthan, India. A high-resolution multi-temporal harmonized product of the Sentinel-2 dataset was incorporated for depicting the growth cycle of crops for the year 2020–2021 using the greenest pixel composites. Kharif and Rabi accounted for 73.44% and 26.56% of the total cultivated area, respectively. Only 7.42% was under the double-cropped area to the total cultivated area. The overall accuracy of the classified image was 90%. For the Kharif crop, the accuracy was 95%, while for Rabi and the double-cropped region, the accuracy was 88%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.784. The present study was able to depict the seasonal plantation system in arid arable land with higher accuracy. The proposed work can be used to monitor cropping patterns and cost-effectively show cropping intensities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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Open AccessArticle

Earthquake Retrofitting of “Soft-Story” RC Frame Structures with RC Infills

George C. Manos

Konstantinos Katakalos

Vassilios Soulis

and

Lazaros Melidis

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11597; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211597 - 15 Nov 2022

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Multi-story, old reinforced concrete (RC) structures with a “soft-story” on the ground floor, sustain considerable damage to the soft story during earthquakes due to the presence of masonry infills in the upper stories. Aspects of such masonry infill–RC frame interaction are briefly discussed and a particular retrofitting scheme for the soft story is studied. It consists of RC infills, added within the bays of the ground floor frames and combined with RC jacketing of the surrounding frame, aiming to avert such soft-story deficiency. The impact of such a retrofit is studied through the measured response of 1/3 scaled single-story, one-bay frames subjected to cyclic seismic-type horizontal loads. It is shown that this retrofit results in a considerable beneficial increase in stiffness, strength, and plastic energy consumption. The importance of the presence of effective steel ties connecting this RC infill with the surrounding frame is also demonstrated. In order to achieve these desired beneficial effects to such vulnerable buildings, additional design objectives are established with the aim of avoiding premature failure of the RC infill panel and/or fracture of the steel ties and to protect the surrounding RC frame from undesired local damage. A numerical methodology, which is validated by using the obtained experimental results, is shown to be capable of predicting reasonably well these important response mechanisms and can therefore be utilized for design purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Quaternary Evolution of Ischia: A Review of Volcanology and Geology

Gemma Aiello

and

Mauro Caccavale

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3554; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063554 - 10 Mar 2023

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Ischia shows intriguing and complex geology, which has been deeply investigated. In this paper, a reappraisal of the Quaternary geologic evolution of Ischia based on literature data is advised, concentrating on the volcanology of the island, based on field data and geochemistry, due to the happening of active fumarolic systems on the island and the marine geology and geophysics, which are intensively studied in the frame of the CARG Project. The literature studies have been incorporated with the geological interpretation of high-resolution seismic profiles, partly previously published and herein reorganized with the aim to highlight the geologic evolution of the different sectors of the island (northern Ischia, southern Ischia). The outcrop data have shown the deposits of ten explosive eruptions: among them, we focused on the S. Angelo Tephra. The laccolith model has been described in order to explain the resurgence of Ischia starting from 55 ky B.P. Geochemical information has been synthesized to reconstruct the volcano-tectonic development of Ischia during the last 55 ky B.P. Different models of block resurgence of Ischia have been discussed, based on literature studies. These aspects have supplemented the Quaternary geologic evolution of Ischia. While the northern Ischia offshore shows complex stratigraphic relationships between buried volcanic edifices, the southern Ischia offshore has been mainly commanded by erosional activities, progressive next to a dense system of submarine channels, and by the volcano-tectonic activities, which have triggered off the location of the Ischia Debris Avalanche. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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Open AccessReview

Activation of Persulfate for Groundwater Remediation: From Bench Studies to Application

and

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031304 - 18 Jan 2023

Viewed by 469

Abstract

Persulfate-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has been increasingly used for the remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. In recent years, there have been numerous studies in the literature on all aspects of the activation of persulfate for contaminant removal at the laboratory scale, including the ways and mechanisms for the activation, the pathways of contaminant degradation, the factors associated with the activation performance, the methods characterizing the processes, etc. In contrast, studies in the literature on the practical use of the activated persulfate at the field scale are fewer, and at the same time have not been reviewed in an organized way. This review was initiated to summarize on the current research on the applications of activated persulfate for actual site remediation, and to extract the knowledge necessary for the formation of applicable technologies. The remediation efficiency and mechanism of activated persulfates by heat, alkaline, metal-based, and electrokinetic activated technologies are described. The major factors including pH, the persistence of persulfate, and the radius of influence and soil property during ISCO remediation applications were presented and discussed. Finally, the rebound process and impact towards microbial communities after in-situ chemical oxidation on site application were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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Other

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Open AccessEssay

Formal Matters on the Topic of Risk Mitigation: A Mathematical Perspective

Giuseppe Bilotta

Annalisa Cappello

and

Gaetana Ganci

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010265 - 26 Dec 2022

Viewed by 516

Abstract

How (in)formal should the classic expression describing risk as the product of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability be considered? What would be the most complete way to describe the process of risk mitigation? These are the questions we try to answer here, using a formal, mathematically sound yet abstract description of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and risk. We highlight the elements that can be affected for the purpose of mitigation and show how this can improve the quantitative assessment of the procedural aspects of risk mitigation, both long- and short-term, down to the timescale of emergency response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in "Earth Sciences and Geography" Section)

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