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Nondestructive Testing and Metrology for Advanced Manufacturing

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Additive Manufacturing Technologies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 452

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), French National Metrology Institute (NMI), 75015 Paris, France
Interests: additive manufacturing; nondestructive testing; metrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metallic additive manufacturing (AM) is very popular in various industries (aerospace, defense, nuclear, etc.) and in the medical sector, particularly the powder bed fusion (PBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) categories of processes, but binder jetting is progressively emerging. In such critical sectors, integrity and geometrical conformity to the numerical design of the manufactured parts need to be demonstrated.

First, to limit the defects and deviations from the numerical design, the implementation of digital twins of the AM process chain is a solution. Second, to limit the defects during the AM process, the monitoring of the process, coupled with a feedback loop, involving artificial intelligence (AI), is a solution. Third, to detect defects and deviations in the post-process AM parts, nondestructive testing (NDT) and metrology are required. However, the complexity in shape enabled by AM, including internal structures and the rough surface finish, poses a challenge to the quality control of AM parts. X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT), implementing cone beam or synchrotron radiation, is the most performed NDT method as it enables NDT and metrology. However, linear and nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS), swept sine methods, and the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) are alternative very highly performing methods for NDT. Moreover, considering dense and large DED parts, tomosynthesis and Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) are more adapted. In addition, the potential for the inspection of these NDT methods can be increased by the implementation of AI, allowing the operator's influence to be limited.

Dr. Anne Francoise Obaton
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • additive manufacturing (AM)
  • powder bed fusion (PBF)
  • directed energy deposition (DED)
  • process monitoring
  • digital twins
  • nondestructive testing (NDT)
  • metrology
  • artificial intelligence (AI)
  • X-ray computed tomography (XCT)
  • synchrotron
  • tomosynthesis
  • resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)
  • swept sine
  • impulse excitation method (IEM)
  • nonlinear RUS
  • phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT)
  • binder jetting (BJT)

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

27 pages, 21177 KB  
Article
Comparison of Porosity Analysis Based on X-Ray Computed Tomography on Metal Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing
by Janka Wilbig, Alexander E. Wilson-Heid, Laurent Bernard, Joseph Baptista and Anne-Françoise Obaton
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 9876; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15189876 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
The determination of uncertainty in porosity analysis based on X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images is currently the focus of research. This study aims to contribute to that by investigating the variation in porosity analysis resulting only from the segmentation and data analysis and [...] Read more.
The determination of uncertainty in porosity analysis based on X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images is currently the focus of research. This study aims to contribute to that by investigating the variation in porosity analysis resulting only from the segmentation and data analysis and by focusing on metal parts produced by different additive manufacturing processes, partially fabricated with intended porosity. Samples manufactured from aluminum, titanium alloy and nickel-chromium-based feedstock by liquid metal jetting (LMJ), laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) and directed energy deposition (DED) were scanned by XCT. The reconstructed volumes were distributed to four operators with different experience levels using Avizo, Dragonfly, Image J/Fiji, IPSDK Explorer, and VG Studio Max for porosity analysis. It was found that for all parts, the majority of operators chose a global manual threshold for image segmentation. Depending on the characteristics of the pores in the investigated samples, relative standard uncertainties up to 12% and 38% were observed for the LMJ and PBF-LB parts. For the part produced by DED, which showed the lowest overall porosity, relative standard uncertainties between 70% and 89% were observed for different image qualities; all were affected by the presence of artefacts investigated on purpose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nondestructive Testing and Metrology for Advanced Manufacturing)
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