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Advances in Transformers and Their Applications
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Advances in Transformers and Their Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 March 2025) | Viewed by 7390

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Juan C. Olivares-Galvan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco, Azcapotzalco Campus, Azcapotzalco, Mexico
Interests: design of transformer; design of electromagnetic equipment; maintenance of electromagnetic equipment; diagnostics of failures in electromagnetic equipment
Dr. Martin Valtierra-Rodriguez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, San Juan del Río 76807, México
Interests: Interests: signal processing; fault detection; machine learning; diagnostics of failures in mechanical and electrical systems; power quality

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The invention of the electrical transformer at the end of the 19th century made the transmission of electrical energy over long distances possible, thereby achieving the massive use of electricity in industrial, commercial, and domestic applications. Today its applications range from power generation, transmission, and distribution systems to lighting, audio, integrated micro transformers, etc. During the last decades, transformer technologies have evolved considerably to meet the emerging requirements of society and adapt to the changing advances. In addition, the development of modern technologies such as superconductivity, nanotechnologies, I4.0, information technologies, power electronics, alternative insulating liquids, and electric transport has driven new designs and features. These have impacted their design, diagnosis, maintenance, application, and modern manufacturing.

This Special Issue addresses new advances in transformers, design optimization, new insulation material, solid-state transformers, innovative condition assessment techniques, non-conventional designs, etc. 

A paper on one or more of the following subjects is especially welcomed:  

  • Design and application of solid-state transformers;
  • Transformer innovating condition assessment techniques;
  • Transformers for renewable energy applications;
  • Innovations on traction transformers;
  • Micro-transformer for low-frequency applications;
  • New trends in transformer optimization;
  • New trends in HVDC transformer design and application;
  • Transformers for power electric vehicle charging stations;
  • Smart transformer applications;
  • Non-conventional design of transformer (superconductive, gas insulated, alternative insulating fluids, etc.);
  • Application of Industry 4.0 to electrical transformers.

Dr. Juan C. Olivares-Galvan
Dr. Martin Valtierra-Rodriguez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design optimization
  • new insulation material
  • solid-state transformers
  • innovating condition assessment techniques
  • non-conventional designs

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5277 KiB  
Article
Power Transformer Inrush Current Analysis: Simulation, Measurement and Effects
by Maria-Cristina Nițu, Ileana-Diana Nicolae, Livia-Andreea Dina and Paul-Mihai Mircea
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10926; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310926 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1319
Abstract
Inrush current is still a persistent problem affecting the quality of the power system. This paper presents the theoretical aspects of this transient phenomenon, the simulation of the phenomenon for prediction purposes and its measurement in a test laboratory. In the operation of [...] Read more.
Inrush current is still a persistent problem affecting the quality of the power system. This paper presents the theoretical aspects of this transient phenomenon, the simulation of the phenomenon for prediction purposes and its measurement in a test laboratory. In the operation of power transformers, there may also be cases where electrical phenomena affecting the operation of transformers may overlap. When power transformers are in operation, there may also be cases where electrical phenomena affecting their operation overlap. This paper includes a study describing such a situation, where the maximum value of the inrush current is amplified by the fact that the series resonance condition has been met. The intersection of these electrical phenomena resulted in internal and external electrical discharges that led to the overhaul of a 440 MVA transformer; the description of this situation is based on field data. The paper focuses on real information and situations that support the development of a maintenance management schedule based on accurate and up-to-date data. The information presented in this paper will be particularly useful to personnel specializing in power transformer design and/or those monitoring/operating high power transformers in the energy sector, but can also be a teaching aid for students interested in such transient phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transformers and Their Applications)
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19 pages, 6302 KiB  
Article
Determining the Positions and Dimensions of Horizontal Magnetic Shunts in Transformer Tank Walls Using Parametric Analyses Based on the Finite Element Method
by Mehmet Çeçen, Bilal Gümüş and İrem Hazar
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6930; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166930 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1562
Abstract
Magnetic shunts efficiently mitigate losses caused by leakage currents in the tank walls of power transformers. Transformer manufacturers frequently utilize vertical magnetic shunts positioned on the inside surfaces of the transformer tank walls. This study investigated the optimum use of horizontal shunts in [...] Read more.
Magnetic shunts efficiently mitigate losses caused by leakage currents in the tank walls of power transformers. Transformer manufacturers frequently utilize vertical magnetic shunts positioned on the inside surfaces of the transformer tank walls. This study investigated the optimum use of horizontal shunts in a power transformer. A 50 MVA power transformer, manufactured on a commercial scale and featuring optimized vertical magnetic shunts integrated into the wall structure, was analyzed using the 3D finite element method for 100 ms at full load. Simulations for analyses were performed using a commercial ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2021 R1 FEM software program. The model’s validity was demonstrated by verifying the analysis results with experimental tank loss values. Tank loss samples were obtained by analyzing the transformer tank for two milliseconds with vertical magnetic shunts only on the long front wall and the short side wall. Using these loss samples as a reference, parametric analyses were performed for two milliseconds with horizontal magnetic shunts only on the short side wall and only on the long front wall of the tank. A tank model with horizontal magnetic shunts of an appropriate location and size was obtained via the parametric analyses. This model was analyzed for 100 milliseconds at full load and compared with the experimental results of the transformer manufacturer’s vertical magnetic shunt transformer. According to the results, a saving of 25.83% was achieved in the horizontal magnetic shunt volume compared with the vertical magnetic shunt volume. The maximum magnetic flux density was lower in the horizontal magnetic shunts, and the maximum current density was lower in the transformer tank with horizontal magnetic shunts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transformers and Their Applications)
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22 pages, 1009 KiB  
Article
Revisited Concept of Three-Phase Transformers’ Short-Circuit Resistances in Light of the Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard C57.110-2018
by Vicente León-Martínez, Elisa Peñalvo-López, Juan Ángel Sáiz-Jiménez and Amparo León-Vinet
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 3126; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073126 - 8 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1134
Abstract
Short-circuit resistances are transformer parameters that characterize the electrical load losses and correct operation of these machines. However, the traditional concept of short-circuit resistance, independent of the harmonic frequencies, has been superseded by present transformer standards. Hence, new expressions for short-circuit resistances of [...] Read more.
Short-circuit resistances are transformer parameters that characterize the electrical load losses and correct operation of these machines. However, the traditional concept of short-circuit resistance, independent of the harmonic frequencies, has been superseded by present transformer standards. Hence, new expressions for short-circuit resistances of three-phase transformers have been developed in this article based on the IEEE Standard C57.110-2018 and are presented jointly with the losses that these resistances characterize. These refer to the secondary effective short-circuit resistance of each phase (Rcc,z), of each harmonic (Rcc,h), and the non-fundamental frequency combined harmonics (Rcc,Hz). Likewise, the harmonic loss factor (HLFz%) has been established to determine the importance of the harmonics in each phase’s load losses. The application of these short-circuit resistances to the calculation of the load losses for a 630 kVA transformer from an actual residential distribution network has shown that the same values are obtained as with the IEEE Standard C57.110-2018, and they are 48.75% higher than those recorded with the traditional short-circuit resistances when the current distortion rates are 36.47%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transformers and Their Applications)
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19 pages, 12271 KiB  
Article
Time-Frequency Analysis and Neural Networks for Detecting Short-Circuited Turns in Transformers in Both Transient and Steady-State Regimes Using Vibration Signals
by David Granados-Lieberman, Jose R. Huerta-Rosales, Jose L. Gonzalez-Cordoba, Juan P. Amezquita-Sanchez, Martin Valtierra-Rodriguez and David Camarena-Martinez
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12218; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212218 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1473
Abstract
Transformers are vital elements in electrical networks, but they are prone to various faults throughout their service life. Among these, a winding short-circuit fault is of particular concern to researchers, as it is a crucial and vulnerable component of the transformers. Therefore, if [...] Read more.
Transformers are vital elements in electrical networks, but they are prone to various faults throughout their service life. Among these, a winding short-circuit fault is of particular concern to researchers, as it is a crucial and vulnerable component of the transformers. Therefore, if this fault is not addressed at an early stage, it can increase costs for users and affect industrial processes as well as other electrical machines. In recent years, the analysis of vibration signals has emerged as one of the most promising solutions for detecting faults in transformers. Nonetheless, it is not a straightforward process because of the nonstationary properties of the vibration signals and their high-level noise, as well as their different features when the transformer operates under different conditions. Based on the previously mentioned points, the motivation of this work is to contribute a methodology that can detect different severities of short-circuited turns (SCTs) in transformers in both transient and steady-state operating regimes using vibration signals. The proposed approach consists of a wavelet-based denoising stage, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based analysis stage for the transient state, a Fourier transform (FT)-based analysis stage for the steady-state, the application of two fault indicators, i.e., the energy index and the total harmonic distortion index, and two neural networks for automatic diagnosis. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a modified transformer is used to experimentally reproduce different levels of SCTs, i.e., 0-healthy, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 SCTs, in a controlled way. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can detect the fault condition, starting from an initial stage for consolidation and a severe stage to accurately assess the fault severity, achieving accuracy values of 90%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Transformers and Their Applications)
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