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Fault Diagnosis for Electrical Machines, Power Electronics, and Drives

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 7679

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Electric Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Interests: fault diagnosis; fault protection; electrical machines; power electronics

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Guest Editor
Electric Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Interests: electrical engineering; switching arcs; electric arc simulation; fault current limiting

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: digital signal processing; power quality; harmonics; nonlinear models; measurement systems; electrical measurements; instrument transformers
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical machines are key elements in power systems since they allow the transformation of electric power into useful mechanical action, and vice versa. As a consequence, a correct fault diagnosis is required to reduce the maintenance time of these devices.

With the increasing demand of smart processes and in the search of sustainability, more efficient power systems are required. Nowadays, electrical machines are connected to power electronics creating electrical drives. The pulsed voltage waves provided from power electronics produce a faster aging of the insulation materials of the electrical machines, increasing the fault probability, not only of electrical faults but also mechanical and magnetic faults. Furthermore, additional faults can be found in the power electronics involved.

With the implementation of this type of technology, most of the actual protections produce unwanted tripping because of high-frequency converter noises, leakage currents, non-sinusoidal waveforms, or variable operation frequency, among others. In this field, new diagnosis techniques must be developed in order to satisfy the problem.

This Special Issue is focused in searching for new and efficient trends in fault diagnosis for electrical machines, power electronics or its ensemble, electrical drives. The Issue is focused but not limited to the following topics:

  • Electrical machines fault diagnosis (Induction, synchronous or DC machines);
  • Especial electrical machines diagnosis (linear, axial flux machines or other non-standard machines);
  • Power electronics fault diagnosis ;
  • Fault diagnosis in power applications involving power electronics (batteries, supercapacitors, …);
  • New power converter topologies (For example: modular multilevel converters, partial power converters, exciter and rotor placed power electronics);
  • Electric drives fault diagnosis;
  • Electric transportation systems fault diagnosis (aircrafts, ships or electric locomotives among others);
  • New fault detection, classification and fault location methods;
  • Industrial and laboratory experiments, studies about fault parameters behavior and/or features extraction for fault diagnosis;
  • Smart diagnosis (data driven techniques, cloud computing, digital twins diagnosis, etc.);
  • The use of AI in fault diagnosis for electrical machines, power electronics and drives;
  • Literature reviews involving the previous scopes.

Dr. Jose M. Guerrero
Dr. Araitz Iturregi
Dr. Sergio Toscani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fault diagnosis
  • electrical machines
  • power converters
  • power electronics
  • fault detection
  • fault location
  • fault classification
  • electric drives
  • power converters

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1341 KiB  
Article
Quaternion Signal Analysis for Detection of Broken Rotor Fault Degrees in Induction Motors
by Jose Luis Contreras-Hernandez, Dora Luz Almanza-Ojeda, Rogelio Castro-Sanchez and Mario Alberto Ibarra-Manzano
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041787 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1057
Abstract
Fault detection in induction motors is essential for maintaining the reliability of industrial operations. In practical applications, induction motors experience gradual wear on critical components, such as rotor bars, affecting their performance. This paper introduces a new methodology for modeling predictive wear functions [...] Read more.
Fault detection in induction motors is essential for maintaining the reliability of industrial operations. In practical applications, induction motors experience gradual wear on critical components, such as rotor bars, affecting their performance. This paper introduces a new methodology for modeling predictive wear functions related to rotor faults in induction motors, providing accurate forecasts and optimal performance through Quaternion Signal Analysis in the time domain. Our approach accurately detects wear in broken rotor bars and anticipates their degradation over time. The methodology involves coupling four vibration signals from the motor, representing them as quaternion coefficients, and calculating their rotational attributes to derive a statistical mean. We employ polynomial and Fourier regression techniques to construct a predictive wear function. We assess its accuracy through root mean square error (RMSE) analysis, which improves with increased sample size and regression complexity. Our findings indicate that polynomial regression, particularly at the second degree, achieves superior RMSE results compared to Fourier regression, even within limited sample windows. This approach offers a robust framework for early fault detection and wear prediction in induction motors, supporting enhanced maintenance strategies. Full article
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25 pages, 6816 KiB  
Article
Online High Frequency Impedance Identification Method of Inverter-Fed Electrical Machines for Stator Health Monitoring
by Jérémy Creux, Najla Haje Obeid, Thierry Boileau and Farid Meibody-Tabar
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10911; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310911 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854
Abstract
In electric powertrain traction applications, the adopted trend to improve the performance and efficiency of electromechanical power conversion systems is to increase supply voltages and inverter switching frequencies. As a result, electrical machine conductors are subjected to ever-increasing electrical stresses, leading to premature [...] Read more.
In electric powertrain traction applications, the adopted trend to improve the performance and efficiency of electromechanical power conversion systems is to increase supply voltages and inverter switching frequencies. As a result, electrical machine conductors are subjected to ever-increasing electrical stresses, leading to premature insulation degradation and eventual short-circuits. Winding condition monitoring is crucial to prevent such critical failures. Based on the scientific literature, several methods can be used for early identification of aging. A first solution is to monitor partial discharges. This method requires the use of a specific measurement device and an undisturbed test environment. A second solution is to monitor the inter-turn winding capacitance, which is directly related to the condition of the insulation and can cause a change in the stator impedance behavior. Several approaches can be used to estimate or characterize this impedance behavior. They must be performed on a machine at standstill, which limits their application. In this paper, a new characterization method is proposed to monitor the high-frequency stator impedance evolution of voltage source inverter-fed machines. This method can be applied at any time without removing the machine from its operating environment. The range and accuracy of the proposed frequency characterization depend in particular on the supply voltage level and the bandwidth of the measurement probes. The effects of parameters such as temperature, switching frequency, and DC voltage amplitude on the impedance characteristic were also studied and will be presented. Tests carried out on an automotive traction machine have shown that the first two series and parallel resonances of the high-frequency impedance can be accurately identified using the proposed technique. Therefore, by monitoring these resonances, it is possible to predict the aging rate of the conductor. Full article
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15 pages, 5537 KiB  
Article
Influence of Temperature on Brushless Synchronous Machine Field Winding Interturn Fault Severity Estimation
by Rubén Pascual, Eduardo Rivero, José M. Guerrero, Kumar Mahtani and Carlos A. Platero
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 8061; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178061 - 9 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 937
Abstract
There are numerous methods for detecting interturn faults (ITFs) in the field winding of synchronous machines (SMs). One effective approach is based on comparing theoretical and measured excitation currents. This method is unaffected by rotor temperature in static excitation SMs. However, this paper [...] Read more.
There are numerous methods for detecting interturn faults (ITFs) in the field winding of synchronous machines (SMs). One effective approach is based on comparing theoretical and measured excitation currents. This method is unaffected by rotor temperature in static excitation SMs. However, this paper investigates the influence of rotor temperature in brushless synchronous machines (BSMs), where rotor temperature significantly impacts the exciter excitation current. Extensive experimental tests were conducted on a special BSM with measurable rotor temperature. Given the challenges of measuring rotor temperature in industrial machines, this paper explores the feasibility of using stator temperature in the exciter field current estimation model. The theoretical exciter field current is calculated using a deep neural network (DNN), which incorporates electrical brushless synchronous generator output values and stator temperature, and it is subsequently compared with the measured exciter field current. This method achieves an error rate below 0.5% under healthy conditions, demonstrating its potential for simple implementation in industrial BSMs for ITF detection. Full article
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15 pages, 2067 KiB  
Article
Imbalanced Diagnosis Scheme for Incipient Rotor Faults in Inverter-Fed Induction Motors
by Ignacio Martin-Diaz, Tomas Garcia-Calva, Óscar Duque-Perez and Daniel Morinigo-Sotelo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7237; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167237 - 17 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1192
Abstract
Recently, fault diagnosing supervised classifiers have been widely proposed to diagnose both electric and mechanical faults in induction motors (IM). However, many of them require a large amount of data, which implies a great effort required for processing fault-related features and building the [...] Read more.
Recently, fault diagnosing supervised classifiers have been widely proposed to diagnose both electric and mechanical faults in induction motors (IM). However, many of them require a large amount of data, which implies a great effort required for processing fault-related features and building the training set. Furthermore, in real-world datasets, it is required to deal with highly skewed data distributions, also known as class imbalance, which is a limiting issue and can misguide the tuning of machine learning algorithms. Resampling techniques based on a synthetic generation of minority class observations aim to address this problem. Last but not least is the fact that inverter-fed IM introduces undesired harmonics in the monitoring signal altering the diagnosis patterns. This diagnosis scheme is evaluated on experimental imbalanced data oriented to deal with the diagnosis of a rotor in situations where it is fed with an inverter. The results show how this imbalanced approach determines the actual diagnosis performance on a small amount of data. The experimental results demonstrate that balanced training sets built with class balancing techniques improve the classifier and therefore its performance for diagnosing incipient rotor faults in inverter-fed IM with studied and interpretable features recently proposed in this field of study. Full article
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Review

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42 pages, 1388 KiB  
Review
Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis of Satellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Review
by MohammadSaleh Hedayati, Ailin Barzegar and Afshin Rahimi
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9487; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209487 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2471
Abstract
This paper comprehensively analyzes advanced Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis (FDP) techniques employed in aerial and space agents such as satellites, spacecraft, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The critical engineering functions of fault diagnostics and prognosis, particularly the emerging field of fault prognosis, emphasize [...] Read more.
This paper comprehensively analyzes advanced Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis (FDP) techniques employed in aerial and space agents such as satellites, spacecraft, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The critical engineering functions of fault diagnostics and prognosis, particularly the emerging field of fault prognosis, emphasize the necessity for further advancement. Integrating these methodologies enriches the system’s capacity to diagnose faults in their early stages. Additionally, it enables the prediction of fault propagation and facilitates proactive maintenance to mitigate the risk of severe failure. This paper aims to introduce diverse FDP methods, followed by a discussion on their application and evolution within single and multisatellite/UAV systems. Throughout this review, eighty-five relevant works are analyzed and discussed and their evaluation metrics are expanded upon as well. Within the works analyzed in this review, it was found that data-driven methods constitute 54% and 7% of the methodologies utilized in single- and multiagent FDP, respectively, which underscores the rise of these methods in the field of single-agent FDP and their unexplored potential in multiagent condition monitoring. Finally, this review is brought to a close with a suggested classification scheme of the utilized methodologies in the field, a quantitative analysis of their contributions to the field, and remarks and mentions of the potential gaps in the area. Full article
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