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Applied Sciences
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Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety
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Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2025 | Viewed by 7138

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lei Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institution of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: lithium-ion battery; battery safety; thermal insulation; thermal management strategies
Dr. Na Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: lithium-ion battery; advances in battery materials and design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ensuring battery safety is paramount in today's technological landscape. Batteries power a myriad of devices, from smartphones to electric vehicles, making their safe operation crucial for both user well-being and environmental sustainability. The consequences of battery malfunctions can be severe, ranging from device damage and financial losses to life-threatening situations such as fires and explosions. Moreover, with the increasing scale of battery deployment in critical applications like energy storage systems and grid integration, the need for robust safety measures becomes even more pressing. By prioritizing battery safety through rigorous testing, standards compliance, and continuous innovation in materials and design, we can mitigate risks, build trust in battery technologies, and unlock their full potential for a cleaner, more efficient future.

This Special Issue explores the current updates and key techniques in battery safety, addressing the challenges, advancements, and future prospects in ensuring the safe operation of battery systems.

Battery safety remains a critical priority in enabling the widespread adoption of battery-powered technologies across various sectors. By leveraging advancements in materials, design, testing, and regulatory frameworks, stakeholders can collectively work towards ensuring the safe and sustainable deployment of battery systems in the years to come. Continued research, collaboration, and innovation will be key to addressing evolving safety challenges and maximizing the potential benefits of battery technology. Potential themes include the following：

1. Importance of Battery Safety

Discuss the significance of battery safety in ensuring reliable performance, preventing accidents, and mitigating the risks associated with battery failures. Highlight real-world incidents emphasizing the consequences of battery malfunctions, such as fires, explosions, and environmental hazards.

2. Understanding Battery Failure Mechanisms

Explore the common causes of battery failures, including thermal runaway, internal short circuits, overcharging, and mechanical damage. Explain the role of factors such as electrode materials, electrolyte composition, and cell design in influencing battery safety.

3. Advances in Battery Materials and Design

Discuss recent developments in battery materials, such as solid-state electrolytes, advanced separators, and high-capacity electrodes, aimed at enhancing safety. Highlight innovative battery designs and architectures focused on improving thermal management, reducing internal resistance, and enhancing mechanical stability.

4. Thermal Management Strategies

Examine techniques for effective thermal management in batteries, including passive and active cooling methods, phase-change materials, and thermal runaway mitigation systems. Discuss the integration of thermal management systems into battery packs and modules for improved safety performance.

5. State-of-the-Art Safety Testing and Standards

Provide an overview of the safety testing protocols and standards established by organizations such as UL, the IEC, and the IEEE for evaluating battery safety. Discuss advancements in diagnostic techniques, including non-destructive testing methods and predictive modeling, to assess battery health and performance.

6. Battery Management Systems (BMSs)

Explain the role of BMSs in monitoring key parameters such as voltage, temperature, and state of charge to ensure safe operation and optimal performance. Discuss intelligent BMS algorithms for fault detection, cell balancing, and thermal management to prevent hazardous conditions.

Dr. Lei Li
Dr. Na Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • battery safety
  • battery failure mechanisms
  • advances in battery materials and design
  • thermal insulation
  • thermal management strategies
  • safety testing and standards
  • battery management systems

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2717 KiB  
Article
Combination of Phase Change Composite Material and Liquid-Cooled Plate Prevents Thermal Runaway Propagation of High-Specific-Energy Battery
by Weigao Ji, Yongchun Dang, Yongchao Yu, Xunli Zhou and Lei Li
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031274 - 26 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 778
Abstract
Ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have the advantages of high energy density and high charging efficiency, and they are the preferred energy source for long-life new energy vehicles. However, when thermal runaway (TR) occurs in the ternary LIB, an open flame is easily produced. [...] Read more.
Ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have the advantages of high energy density and high charging efficiency, and they are the preferred energy source for long-life new energy vehicles. However, when thermal runaway (TR) occurs in the ternary LIB, an open flame is easily produced. The burning phenomenon is intense, and the rapid of TR propagation is high; consequently, vehicle-level fire accidents are easily induced. These accidents have become the biggest obstacle restricting the batteries’ development. Therefore, this study investigates the TR behavior of ternary LIBs at the cell and module levels. The addition of an insulation layer alone, including ceramic nano fibers, glass fiber aerogel, and phase-change composite materials, cannot prevent TR propagation. To completely block the TR propagation, we developed a safety prevention strategy, combining the phase-change composite materials with a commercial liquid cooling plate. This approach provides a three-level TR protection mechanism that includes heat absorption, heat conduction, and heat insulation. The use of a 2 mm thick phase change composite material combined with a liquid cooling plate effectively prevents the TR propagation between60 Ah ternary LIBs with 100%SOCs.. The front surface temperature of the adjacent cell is maintained near 90 °C, with its maximum temperature consistently stays below 100 °C. This study successfully demonstrates the blockage of TR propagation and offers valuable insights for the thermal safety design of high-specific-energy LIBs; the aim is to improve the overall safety of battery packs in practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety)
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13 pages, 8325 KiB  
Article
Fault Diagnosis of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Historical Trajectory of Remaining Discharge Capacity
by Jiuchun Jiang, Bingrui Qu, Shuaibang Liu, Huan Yan, Zhen Zhang and Chun Chang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310895 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 835
Abstract
In recent years, the number of safety accidents in new-energy electric vehicles due to lithium-ion battery failures has been increasing, and the lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis technology is particularly important to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. This paper proposes a method [...] Read more.
In recent years, the number of safety accidents in new-energy electric vehicles due to lithium-ion battery failures has been increasing, and the lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis technology is particularly important to ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. This paper proposes a method for lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis based on the historical trajectory of lithium-ion battery remaining discharge capacity in medium and long time scales. The method first utilizes the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to identify the parameters of the second-order equivalent circuit model of the lithium-ion battery, and then estimates the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium-ion battery using the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The remaining discharge capacity is estimated according to the SOC, and finally the feature vectors are used to diagnose the faults using box plots on the medium and long time scales. Experimental results verify that the root mean squared error (RSME) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed SOC estimation method are 0.0049 and 0.0034, respectively. This method can accurately identify the faulty single cell in a battery pack with low-capacity single cells and promptly detect any abnormalities in the single cell when a micro-short circuit fault occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety)
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18 pages, 7340 KiB  
Article
Co-Estimating State of Charge and Capacity of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Deep Degradation Using Multiple Estimators
by Min Young Yoo, Jung Heon Lee, Hyunjoon Lee, Joo-Ho Choi, Jae Sung Huh and Woosuk Sung
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9569; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209569 - 20 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1024
Abstract
Since battery systems typically account for over 40% of the cost of an electric vehicle, their mid-life replacements are exceptional. Therefore, the battery’s lifespan must exceed that of the vehicle. To ensure long-term and safe use, accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation must be maintained [...] Read more.
Since battery systems typically account for over 40% of the cost of an electric vehicle, their mid-life replacements are exceptional. Therefore, the battery’s lifespan must exceed that of the vehicle. To ensure long-term and safe use, accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation must be maintained throughout the battery’s lifespan. This requires appropriate updates to parameters, such as capacity, in the battery model. In this context, dual extended Kalman filters, which simultaneously estimate both states and parameters, have gained interest. While existing reports on simultaneous estimators seemed promising, our study found that they performed well under low levels of battery aging but encountered issues at higher levels. Accurately reflecting the actual physicochemical changes of the parameters in aging cells is challenging for two reasons: the limited number of measurements of terminal voltage available for numerous parameters, and the weak observability of the capacity. Therefore, we combined the simultaneous estimator with a capacity estimator operated separately during charging and a sequential estimator specialized for an enhanced self-correcting model, achieving SOC accuracy within 5% even when the SOH decreased by 30%. However, there is still much work to be carried out to implement sequential estimators in battery management systems operating in real time with limited computational resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety)
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28 pages, 3252 KiB  
Article
Integrated Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Grid Power Savings and Green Hydrogen Utilization
by Kihyeon Kwon, Hyung-Bong Lee, Namyong Kim, Sanguk Park and Salaki Reynaldo Joshua
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7631; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177631 - 29 Aug 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3939
Abstract
This study explores the integration and optimization of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs) within an energy management system (EMS), using Kangwon National University’s Samcheok campus as a case study. This research focuses on designing BESSs and HESSs [...] Read more.
This study explores the integration and optimization of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs) within an energy management system (EMS), using Kangwon National University’s Samcheok campus as a case study. This research focuses on designing BESSs and HESSs with specific technical specifications, such as energy capacities and power ratings, and their integration into the EMS. By employing MATLAB-based simulations, this study analyzes energy dynamics, grid interactions, and load management strategies under various operational scenarios. Real-time data from the campus are utilized to examine energy consumption, renewable energy generation, grid power fluctuations, and pricing dynamics, providing key insights for system optimization. This study finds that a BESS manages energy fluctuations between 0.5 kWh and 3.7 kWh over a 24 h period, with battery power remaining close to 4 W for extended periods. Grid power fluctuates between −5 kW and 75 kW, while grid prices range from 75 to 120 USD/kWh, peaking at 111 USD/kWh. Hydrogen energy storage varies from 1 kWh to 8 kWh, with hydrogen power ranging from −40 kW to 40 kW. Load management keeps power stable at around 35 kW, and PV power integration peaks at 48 kW by the 10th h. The findings highlight that BESSs and HESSs effectively manage energy distribution and storage, improving system efficiency, reducing energy costs by approximately 15%, and enhancing grid stability by 20%. This study underscores the potential of BESSs and HESSs in stabilizing grid operations and integrating renewable energy. Future directions include advancements in storage technologies, enhanced EMS capabilities through artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the development of smart grid infrastructures. Policy recommendations stress the importance of regulatory support and stakeholder collaboration to drive innovation and scale deployment, ensuring a sustainable energy future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates and Key Techniques of Battery Safety)
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