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Applied Sciences
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IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions
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IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 26484

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Timothy Bodisco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
Interests: IC engines; in-cylinder pressure; emissions; meta-heuristic data fitting; alternative fuels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thank you for your interest in this Special Issue on IC engine efficiency and emissions. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences will focus on current IC engine topics ranging from technology to improve fuel efficiency and reduce harmful emissions, to alternative fuels, to analysis techniques to better understand engine operation. The scope of this Special Issue covers both on- and off-road applications in addition to light and heavy duty engines/vehicles. Authors of papers that are currently related to IC engines are encouraged to submit to this Special Issue.

Dr. Timothy Bodisco
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • IC engines
  • Emissions
  • Real driving emissions (RDE)
  • After-treatment technology
  • Stop/start technology
  • Alternative fuels
  • Cold start emissions
  • Engine efficiency
  • Vehicle data analysis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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38 pages, 4639 KiB  
Article
Torque Prediction Model of a CI Engine for Agricultural Purposes Based on Exhaust Gas Temperatures and CFD-FVM Methodologies Validated with Experimental Tests
by Marco Bietresato, Francesco Selmo, Massimiliano Renzi and Fabrizio Mazzetto
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093892 - 25 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2189
Abstract
A truly universal system to optimize consumptions, monitor operation and predict maintenance interventions for internal combustion engines must be independent of onboard systems, if present. One of the least invasive methods of detecting engine performance involves the measurement of the exhaust gas temperature [...] Read more.
A truly universal system to optimize consumptions, monitor operation and predict maintenance interventions for internal combustion engines must be independent of onboard systems, if present. One of the least invasive methods of detecting engine performance involves the measurement of the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), which can be related to the instant torque through thermodynamic relations. The practical implementation of such a system requires great care since its torque-predictive capabilities are strongly influenced by the position chosen for the temperature-detection point(s) along the exhaust line, specific for each engine, the type of installation for the thermocouples, and the thermal characteristics of the interposed materials. After performing some preliminary tests at the dynamometric brake on a compression-ignition engine for agricultural purposes equipped with three thermocouples at different points in the exhaust duct, a novel procedure was developed to: (1) tune a CFD-FVM-model of the exhaust pipe and determine many unknown thermodynamic parameters concerning the engine (including the real EGT at the exhaust valve outlet in some engine operative conditions), (2) use the CFD-FVM results to considerably increase the predictive capability of an indirect torque-detection strategy based on the EGT. The joint use of the CFD-FVM software, Response Surface Method, and specific optimization algorithms was fundamental to these aims and granted the experimenters a full mastery of systems’ non-linearity and a maximum relative error on the torque estimations of 2.9%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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17 pages, 3377 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine
by Farhad Salek, Meisam Babaie, Amin Shakeri, Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Timothy Bodisco and Ali Zare
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041441 - 5 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was [...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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30 pages, 1644 KiB  
Article
Optimal Control of a Spark Ignition Engine Including Cold Start Operations for Consumption/Emissions Compromises
by Bruno Jeanneret, Alice Guille Des Buttes, Jérémy Pelluet, Alan Keromnes, Serge Pélissier and Luis Le Moyne
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11030971 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2313
Abstract
This study presents a semi-empirical modeling approach based on an extensive parametric study using a spark-ignition port-injection engine. The experimental results are used to derive engine-out emission models for each regulated pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) as a function of engine operating [...] Read more.
This study presents a semi-empirical modeling approach based on an extensive parametric study using a spark-ignition port-injection engine. The experimental results are used to derive engine-out emission models for each regulated pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) as a function of engine operating parameters. Such parameters include engine speed, intake manifold pressure, equivalence ratio, and spark advance. The proposed models provide accurate predictions over a large range of engine operating conditions. The adequate accuracy and low computational burden of the models are promising in the context of optimal control theory. Dynamic programming is applied in order to find the best operating parameters that define trade-off between fuel consumption and emissions over driving cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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19 pages, 9565 KiB  
Article
Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae
by I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, M.Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong and T.M.I. Mahlia
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 6103; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176103 - 2 Sep 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6655
Abstract
Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special [...] Read more.
Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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22 pages, 10105 KiB  
Article
Engine Performance and Emissions Analysis in a Cold, Intermediate and Hot Start Diesel Engine
by Faisal Lodi, Ali Zare, Priyanka Arora, Svetlana Stevanovic, Mohammad Jafari, Zoran Ristovski, Richard J. Brown and Timothy Bodisco
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(11), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113839 - 31 May 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4863
Abstract
Presented in this paper is an in-depth analysis of the impact of engine start during various stages of engine warm up (cold, intermediate, and hot start stages) on the performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experiments were performed at constant [...] Read more.
Presented in this paper is an in-depth analysis of the impact of engine start during various stages of engine warm up (cold, intermediate, and hot start stages) on the performance and emissions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experiments were performed at constant engine speeds of 1500 and 2000 rpm on a custom designed drive cycle. The intermediate start stage was found to be longer than the cold start stage. The oil warm up lagged the coolant warm up by approximately 10 °C. During the cold start stage, as the coolant temperature increased from ~25 to 60 °C, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased by approximately 2% to 10%. In the intermediate start stage, as the coolant temperature reached 70 °C and the injection retarded, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) decreased by approximately 2% to 3%, while the friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) decreased by approximately 60%. In this stage, the NOx emissions decreased by approximately 25% to 45%, while the HC emissions increased by approximately 12% to 18%. The normalised FMEP showed that higher energy losses at lower loads were most likely contributing to the heating of the lubricating oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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Review

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31 pages, 7160 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of the Application Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines
by Guirong Wu, Jun Cong Ge and Nag Jung Choi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228015 - 12 Nov 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6649
Abstract
Since the advent of biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel, it has attracted wide attention from researchers. The raw materials of biodiesel generally produced by transesterification of animal fats, plants, algae or even waste cooking oil, which makes full use of natural resources [...] Read more.
Since the advent of biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel, it has attracted wide attention from researchers. The raw materials of biodiesel generally produced by transesterification of animal fats, plants, algae or even waste cooking oil, which makes full use of natural resources and alleviates increasingly problematic oil shortages and environmental pollution. Biodiesel can be directly applied to vehicle engines without any modification and will both improve the combustion quality of the engine and reduce the harmful emissions from the engine. This study mainly summarizes the influence of biodiesel applications on diesel engines, including the impact on engine performance, combustion characteristics, emission characteristics, vibration, noise characteristics, and compatibility. In particular, unregulated emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are rarely mentioned in other review articles, are also discussed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IC Engine Efficiency and Emissions)
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