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Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Fluid Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 January 2026 | Viewed by 3349

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Prof. Dr. Joon Ahn

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School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
Interests: heat transfer; gas turbine; air-conditioning; boiler
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past 50 years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been applied to various fluid dynamics fields. Great progress has been made in the development of hardware and analysis techniques, and many useful results are emerging in a wider range of applications. In this Special Issue, we seek to collect new techniques of CFD and application cases in different industries and academic fields, aiming to publish papers on the various advances and applications of CFD, such as phase change, fluid–structure coupling analysis, combustion, and data driven engineering.

Prof. Dr. Joon Ahn
Guest Editor

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Keywords

turbulence simulation
multi-phase flow
combustion and reacting flow
aero-acoustics
fluid–structure interactions
optimization
data science and AI
industrial applications

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 24213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study to Evaluate Mixing Efficiency of Very Fine Particles

by Sung Je Lee and Se-Yun Hwang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8712; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158712 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

This study evaluates the applicability and accuracy of coarse-grain modeling (CGM) in discrete-element method (DEM)–based simulations, focusing on particle-mixing efficiency in five representative industrial mixers: the tumbling V mixer, ribbon-blade mixer, paddle-blade mixer, vertical-blade mixer, and conical-screw mixer. Although the DEM is widely employed for particulate system simulations, the high computational cost associated with fine particles significantly hinders large-scale applications. CGM addresses these issues by scaling up particle sizes, thereby reducing particle counts and allowing longer simulation timesteps. We utilized the Lacey mixing index (LMI) as a statistical measure to quantitatively assess mixing uniformity across various CGM scaling factors. Based on the results, CGM significantly reduced computational time (by over 90% in certain cases) while preserving acceptable accuracy levels in terms of LMI values. The mixing behaviors remained consistent under various CGM conditions, based on both visually inspected particle distributions and the temporal LMI trends. Although minor deviations occurred in early-stage mixing, these discrepancies diminished with time, with the final LMI errors remaining below 5% in most scenarios. These findings indicate that CGM effectively enhances computational efficiency in DEM simulations without significantly compromising physical accuracy. This research provides practical guidelines for optimizing industrial-scale particle-mixing processes and conducting computationally feasible, scalable, and reliable DEM simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 13594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modelling of the Multiphase Flow in an Agricultural Hollow Cone Nozzle

by Paweł Karpiński, Zbigniew Czyż and Stanisław Parafiniuk

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7214; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137214 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 309

Abstract

In the field of agriculture, various types of pesticides are used to control crop pests. These chemical agents are applied using nozzles with different geometries. Regardless of their configuration and operational liquid parameters, the applied liquid jet encounters issues with wind drift and penetration efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the spraying process. In this study, 3D numerical calculations were performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A two-phase flow model based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate the mixing of water and air. The k-ω SST turbulence model was adopted to capture vortex phenomena. A hollow cone nozzle geometry, commonly used in orchards, was selected. Simulations allowed the analysis of pressure, velocity, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in selected cross-sections. Results show that the maximum velocity of the liquid jet at the nozzle outlet exceeded 23 m/s, with the highest TKE reaching 35 m²/s² in the vortex chamber. The computed spray cone angle was approximately 88°, while the experimental value was 80°, and the simulated mass flow rate differed by 16.7% from the measured reference. The critical flow region was identified between the vortex insert and the ceramic stem, where the highest gradients of pressure and velocity were observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1751 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drag Reduction in Compressible Channel Turbulence with Periodic Interval Blowing and Suction

by Shibo Lee, Chenglin Zhou, Yang Zhang, Yunlong Zhao, Jiaqi Luo and Yao Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7117; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137117 - 24 Jun 2025

Viewed by 340

Abstract

This paper employs direct numerical simulation (DNS) to investigate the influence of blowing and suction control on the compressible fully developed turbulent flow within an infinitely long channel. The spanwise blowing strips are positioned at uniform intervals along the bottom wall of the channel, while the suction strips are symmetrically placed on the top wall. The basic flow (uncontrolled case) and the controlled cases involving global control and interval control are compared at

M a = 0.8

and 1.5. Although the wall mass flow rate remains constant across all controlled cases, the applied blowing/suction intensity and spanwise strip areas exhibit significant variations. The numerical results indicate that augmenting the blowing/suction intensity will alter the velocity gradient of the viscous sublayer in the controlled region. Nonetheless, a reduction in the area of the controlled region diminishes the impact of blowing/suction on drag reduction on the entire wall. The spatially averaged velocity profiles on the wall for cases with identical wall mass flow rates are nearly indistinguishable, suggesting that the wall mass flow rate is the primary factor influencing the spatially averaged drag reduction rate on the entire wall, rather than the blowing/suction intensity or the injected energy. This is because the wall mass flow rate influences the average peak position of the Reynolds stress, which, in turn, affects the skin friction drag. An increase in the wall mass flow rate correlates with a heightened drag reduction rate on the blowing side, while simultaneously leading to a rising drag increase rate on the suction side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 18308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Investigation of Aerodynamic Behaviour in Rubber O-Ring: Effects of Flow Velocity and Surface Topology

by Thomas Singleton, Adil Saeed and Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 5006; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095006 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

This report uses computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to investigate the aerodynamics of a rubber O-ring, with a focus on assessing the influence of fluid velocity and surface topology whilst providing a detailed methodology that promotes correct procedures. A steady state scenario was set up, modelling laminar airflow across two O-rings with 5 μm and 100 μm surface finishes, respectively. Analysis showed that increasing the fluid velocity from 0.01 m/s to 2 m/s significantly translates the separation points downstream, consolidating wake regions behind the airfoil. The CFD simulations also infer that as the fluid velocity increases, the frictional drag coefficients decrease from 3.13 to 0.11, and the pressure drag coefficients increase from 0.55 to 0.6, implying that the recirculation of flowlines behind the O-ring becomes the most hindering factor on aerodynamics. Conversely, variations in surface roughness showed negligible effects on the flow field. This insensitivity is attributed to the low Reynolds number (Re) used in all simulations, where a roughness of 5 μm or 100 μm remains well within the laminar sublayer, therefore minimising their impact on boundary layer disruption and flow separation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 12993 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Contribution to the Temperature Particles Method—Implementation of a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) Model for the Temperature Field

by Tiago Raimundo Chiaradia, Gabriel Ferraz Marcondes de Carvalho, Alex Mendonça Bimbato and Luiz Antonio Alcântara Pereira

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4122; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084122 - 9 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 425

Abstract

This paper introduces a numerical methodology for the investigation of two-dimensional, incompressible and unsteady flows. The analyses involve Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) over solid boundaries of known shape with effects of mixed convection heat transfer. The main contribution is the implementation of a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model for the energy equation. LES is a mathematical model for simulating turbulent flows. The Boussinesq approximation links the vorticity transport equation with the energy equation to include buoyancy forces. The methodology consists of discretizing the vorticity field and heat by using particles (computational points), which characterizes a purely Lagrangian description. The vorticity field is discretized by using Lamb discrete vortices (vortex blobs) and the heat by using temperature particles. The velocity field is computed over each particle as the vortex cloud contribution requires high computational cost. The buoyancy forces computation is necessary over each vortex blob because of the temperature particles and also requires high computational cost. Thus, all those computations involving particles interactions demand the use of parallel computing in OpenMP-Fortran. The turbulence calculation makes use of the second-order velocity structure function model; that computation is necessary over each computational point during every time increment of a typical numerical simulation. As examples of application, two problems are chosen: nominally, the flow around a single circular cylinder and the interaction of airplane wake vortices with a ground plane. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, exhibiting very good agreement with the expected physics for each investigated problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Determination of the Bore Throughput Controlling the Operation of the Differential Section of a Pneumatic Brake Valve

by Marcin Kisiel, Dariusz Szpica and Jarosław Czaban

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11690; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411690 - 14 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 992

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the applicability of computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) in determining the flow parameters of inter-chamber nozzle openings in the differential section of a trailer air brake valve. Methodology: Numerical calculations were performed using SolidWorks Flow Simulation (SW-FS) and Ansys Fluent (A-F) with defined boundaries and initial conditions. The results were validated experimentally using the reservoir method and the lumped method for throughput identification. Results: CFD calculations determined the functional dependence of the mass flow rate on the nozzle diameter for a range of control nozzle bore diameters. The SW-FS 2024 and A-F 2023 software showed a mean difference of 4.66% in the total characteristics. The experimental validation resulted in differences of 6.31% (SW-FS) and 5.79% (A-F) compared to the CFD results. Theoretical contribution: This study fills a research gap in applying CFDs to brake valve performance analyses, providing a foundation for developing more complex numerical models to evaluate individual valve sections. Practical implications: The findings suggest that CFDs can be used to accurately determine the flow parameters of control nozzle orifices, with an average of a 6.05% difference from experimental tests. This approach can potentially streamline the design and optimization process for pneumatic brake valves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), 2nd Edition)

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