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Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 25759

Special Issue Editors


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Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (GOERD), Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
Interests: sport sciences

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Guest Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This topic aims to present the latest research results on performance advances in different sports modalities and exercise.

Sports modalities and exercise are practiced intensely in order to improve performance. The growing interest in the quantitative and qualitative aspects of sports training is due to the fact that various training systems and new methodologies are appearing in all sports modalities and for exercise.

On the other hand, one of the main objectives of sports research is to describe the activity of the party and detect effective performance indicators. A better knowledge of the adaptations to the performance of the players and the dynamics of the game during the competition is very useful to optimize the training process. The need to develop training methodologies according to the actions that occur during the game is essential for each sport.

The results of the research in this area must be disseminated to facilitate the intervention that the coaches carry out with the athletes. Since a systematic and well-conducted sports practice is essential for performance, this topic is encouraged to present research centered on performance analysis in sports modalities and exercise.

Dr. Adrian Escudero-Tena
Dr. Diego Muñoz Marín
Prof. Dr. Sergio José Ibáñez Godoy
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sports science
  • exercise performance
  • sports performance
  • real-time monitoring of sport performance
  • behavior analysis

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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14 pages, 1331 KB  
Article
Which League Turns Its Home into a Fortress? Analysis of Home Advantage in the Top European Men’s Handball Leagues
by Moisés Marquina Nieto, Carlos García-Sánchez, Guillermo Franco Gimeno, Raúl Nieto-Acevedo, Reidel Cordoves Peinado and Alfonso de la Rubia
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413246 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) analyse home advantage (HA) and home winning percentage (HW), and (2) examine the impact of team level on HA and HW across major European men’s handball leagues from 2021–2022 to 2024–2025. Match data from 6028 games across seven [...] Read more.
This study aimed to (1) analyse home advantage (HA) and home winning percentage (HW), and (2) examine the impact of team level on HA and HW across major European men’s handball leagues from 2021–2022 to 2024–2025. Match data from 6028 games across seven elite leagues—ASOBAL (Spain), Starligue (France), Bundesliga (Germany), Herre Handbold (Denmark), NB I (Hungary), Superliga (Poland), and Andebol I (Portugal)—were analysed, involving 423 team-seasons. Teams were grouped into three competitive levels using hierarchical clustering: high (HLT), medium (MLT), and low (LLT). Differences between leagues were significant for HA, with the Portuguese league showing the lowest values and falling below those of Denmark and Hungary, while the remaining competitions presented comparable results. Team level displayed a clear gradient, with LLT showing the greatest HA and HLT the smallest. Interaction effects were particularly evident for LLT, which recorded reduced HA in Portugal and France compared with Spain, Denmark, and Hungary. For HW, Portugal again recorded the lowest value, and the pattern across team levels was consistent (high > medium > low). Overall, the findings show that the local performance advantage in men’s elite handball is shaped by both competitive level and league-specific contexts, reflecting structural, organisational, and cultural characteristics of each competition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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14 pages, 669 KB  
Article
Sex-Based Differences at Ventilatory Thresholds in Trained Runners
by Sergio Rodríguez-Barbero, Alejandro Alda-Blanco, Juan José Salinero and Fernando González-Mohíno
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 8843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15168843 - 11 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare trained male and female athletes regarding physiological, perceptual, and performance variables at ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Methods: Twenty-four male and nineteen female trained runners (age: 27.9 ± 6.4 vs. 24.4 ± [...] Read more.
Objective: This study aimed to compare trained male and female athletes regarding physiological, perceptual, and performance variables at ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2). Methods: Twenty-four male and nineteen female trained runners (age: 27.9 ± 6.4 vs. 24.4 ± 4.4 years; body mass: 61.8 ± 4.3 vs. 52.6 ± 4.1 kg; height: 174.6 ± 5.8 vs. 165.0 ± 5.0 cm for males and females, respectively) performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill. During the test, oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, running power output, heart rate, muscle oxygenation, and rate of perceived exertion were analyzed. Sex differences were evaluated with an unpaired-samples t-test. Results: Males exhibited significantly higher respiratory exchange ratios (0.87 ± 0.04 vs. 0.83 ± 0.03; 1.03 ± 0.06 vs. 1.01 ± 0.06) and absolute running speeds (15.00 ± 1.06 vs. 12.42 ± 1.22 km·h−1; 19.04 ± 1.06 vs. 16.32 ± 1.29 km·h−1) at both thresholds (p < 0.05), whereas women showed higher muscle oxygenation in vastus lateralis (60.44 ± 21.21 vs. 26.38 ± 10.21%) and fractional utilization of maximal aerobic speed (93.64 ± 6.44 vs. 91.43 ± 3.21%) at VT2 (p < 0.01). Also, rate of perceived exertion was similar between sexes at both thresholds. Conclusion: Males showed higher absolute physiological values, while females demonstrated greater fractional utilization at VT2 and higher muscle oxygenation. No sex differences were observed in rate of perceived exertion. These findings highlight the importance of using ventilatory thresholds in training prescription. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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15 pages, 1458 KB  
Article
Lower-Limb Flexibility Profile in 142 Competitive Female Football Players: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Antonio Cejudo, Riccardo Izzo, Francisco Javier Robles-Palazón, María Teresa Martínez-Romero and Pilar Sainz de Baranda
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5714; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105714 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 1653
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The ROM-SPORT is a test battery for assessing flexibility that measures the range of motion (ROM) in the sport. Restricted or optimal ROM is associated with an increased risk of injury or improved athletic performance, respectively. The aim of the present study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The ROM-SPORT is a test battery for assessing flexibility that measures the range of motion (ROM) in the sport. Restricted or optimal ROM is associated with an increased risk of injury or improved athletic performance, respectively. The aim of the present study was to determine the normative values of the lower limb’s flexibility profile by ROM assessment in female football players. Methods: Lower-limb flexibility (11 ROM tests) was measured using the ROM-SPORT battery in 142 female football players (19.42 ± 4.45 years). The tests were performed at the beginning of the training sessions in the first two weeks of the pre-season. Standardized Z-scores (on a scale of 0 to 100 [T-score]) were calculated from the mean and standard deviation to classify the ROM of each movement into three qualitative categories (poor [>−3 to −2], average or normal [−1 to 1; 68.2%], and optimal [1 to >3]) and a traffic light system to facilitate interpretation of the results. Results: The results show normal (or average) ROM values at 32–37° for ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended; 37–43° for ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed; 46–54° for hip internal rotation; 54–61° for hip external rotation; 31–37° for hip adduction; 70–76° for hip abduction with the hip flexed; 41–45° for hip abduction with the hip neutral; 135–141° for hip flexion; 73–82° for hip flexion with the knee extended; 15–21° for hip extension; 121–132° for knee flexion. The normative data presented in this study can be utilized by researchers and practitioners in the women’s football league in a variety of ways, provided similar data collection methods are used. Conclusions: Flexibility training is recommended to overcome normal or average ROM and optimize athletic performance with lower injury risk in female football players. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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16 pages, 877 KB  
Article
Comparing Workloads Among Different Age Groups in Official Masters’ Basketball Matches: Implications for Physical Activity
by Dimitrios Pantazis, Theodoros Stampoulis, Dimitrios Balampanos, Alexandra Avloniti, Christos Kokkotis, Panagiotis Aggelakis, Maria Protopapa, Dimitrios Draganidis, Maria Emmanouilidou, Nikolaos-Orestis Retzepis, Anastasia Gkachtsou, Stavros Kallidis, Maria Koutra, Nikolaos Zaras, Maria Michalopoulou, Antonis Kambas, Ioannis G. Fatouros and Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4547; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084547 - 20 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1204
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Master athletes in team sports represent a growing population of individuals who continue to engage in structured training and competition. Among these sports, basketball has primarily been investigated in older athletes; however, age-related effects on training load within the broader master athlete [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Master athletes in team sports represent a growing population of individuals who continue to engage in structured training and competition. Among these sports, basketball has primarily been investigated in older athletes; however, age-related effects on training load within the broader master athlete population remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to examine the age-related differences in workloads among master basketball athletes and determine whether game participation can facilitate the achievement of the recommended physical activity level. Methods: A total of 178 male athletes were divided into three age groups (35–45, 46–60, and ≥60 years) and participated in a national tournament. External load metrics, including accumulated acceleration load (AAL), mechanical load (ML), and jump load (JL), were recorded using tri-axial microsensors. Internal load (IL) was assessed via session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE). Physical activity levels were categorized into light, moderate, and vigorous intensity using accelerometry-derived metabolic equivalents. Results: Significant age-related differences (p < 0.01) were observed in AAL, ML, and JL, with the youngest group showing the highest values. Likewise, the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) displayed an age-dependent manner and decreased with age. Older athletes spent more time in low-intensity activities and employed energy-conserving strategies, avoiding high-speed and high-impact actions. Despite these variations, sRPE ratings were similar among groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, age is a crucial regulator of training load and physical activity and should be considered by practitioners and coaches who design training and physical activity plans for master basketball athletes. Despite the age-related differences, participation in basketball matches provides a substantial opportunity for increasing daily MVPA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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26 pages, 1726 KB  
Article
Prevalence of the Relative Age Effect in Spanish Orienteering: An Analysis by Sex and Competitive Level
by Javier Montiel-Bonmatí, Javier Marco-Siles and Alberto Ferriz-Valero
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084102 - 8 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 873
Abstract
This study investigates the relative age effect (RAE) in Spanish orienteering, comparing birth distributions between the general population and federated athletes, as well as across different age groups. A cross-sectional and retrospective observational analysis was conducted on data from 34,718 athletes federated (female: [...] Read more.
This study investigates the relative age effect (RAE) in Spanish orienteering, comparing birth distributions between the general population and federated athletes, as well as across different age groups. A cross-sectional and retrospective observational analysis was conducted on data from 34,718 athletes federated (female: n = 12,338; male: n = 22,380) with the Spanish Orienteering Federation (FEDO) between 2005 and 2023. Birth distributions by quartiles and semesters were compared with birth data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Chi-square tests, Z-tests for proportions, and odds ratio (OR) analysis were used to assess differences and the magnitude of the RAE. A significant RAE was found in the total population of federated athletes and the youth and male elite subgroups, with an over-representation of athletes born in the first semester of the year. The effect was small in magnitude but persistent in youth categories and intensified in the male elite category. In contrast, no significant RAE was observed in the female elite category. The RAE exists in Spanish orienteering, although its magnitude is smaller compared to other sports. The persistence of the RAE in the male elite category suggests that advantages accumulated in formative stages influence access to higher levels. Strategies to mitigate the impact of the RAE in talent identification and development are recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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19 pages, 282 KB  
Article
Mental Health, Overweight, and Physical Exercise in Young Portuguese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Tânia Gonçalves, Diogo Monteiro, Rui Matos, Pedro Duarte-Mendes, Nuno Couto, Raul Antunes, Susana Diz, Nuno Amaro and Miguel Jacinto
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15074056 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1144
Abstract
The aim of this study was to see if there are any associations between mental health, Body Mass Index (BMI), and physical exercise (PE) in young Portuguese adults. The sample consisted of 414 people aged between 18 and 25 years old. A sociodemographic [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to see if there are any associations between mental health, Body Mass Index (BMI), and physical exercise (PE) in young Portuguese adults. The sample consisted of 414 people aged between 18 and 25 years old. A sociodemographic questionnaire designed for this study and the Mental Health Inventory were used. To analyze the results, the total sample was divided according to the criteria “BMI ≥ 5 kg/m2”; “BMI < 25 kg/m2”; “does not practice PE”; and “practices PE”, and sample groups were formed with these names. It was found that there was an association between the dimensions of the Mental Health Inventory and the average time spent practicing PE in the total sample (r from 0.099 to 0.160) and in individuals with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (r = 0.154 and 0.169). In individuals with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2, there was an association between the ‘BMI’ and depression variables (r = −0.174). In all groups, associations were found between the variables of age and BMI (r from 0.120 to 0.216). There was also a significant effect of group (non-exercise vs. exercise groups) on the dependent variables, Λ = 0.972, F(5, 408) = 2.329, p = 0.042, η2p = 0.28. This study confirms the association between PE and mental health and suggests that BMI may have an influence on the appearance of depressive symptoms in young Portuguese adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
9 pages, 489 KB  
Article
Training Protocol to Improve the Padel Smash: A Seven-Week Pilot Study on High-Level Male Players
by Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, Sergio J. Ibáñez, Diego Muñoz, Iván Martín-Miguel and Adrián Escudero-Tena
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073754 - 29 Mar 2025
Viewed by 2814
Abstract
The aims of this pilot study were to design a training protocol to improve the padel smash, based on the practice of medicine ball throws (shot put) and smashes (powerful smashes and smashes over the side fence), and to test the effectiveness of [...] Read more.
The aims of this pilot study were to design a training protocol to improve the padel smash, based on the practice of medicine ball throws (shot put) and smashes (powerful smashes and smashes over the side fence), and to test the effectiveness of the designed training protocol. Four high-level male Finnish players completed two weekly sessions, each consisting of four sets of five medicine ball throws (2 kg), followed by five smashes. Sufficient rest between sets and repetitions was ensured to minimize fatigue and reduce injury risk while maximizing power output. Performance was assessed through pre- and post-tests. A paired t-test analyzed the powerful smash, while contingency tables and the Chi-square test (χ2) evaluated the smash over the side fence. Three of the four players showed a significant increase in powerful smash distance, while the success rate of smashes over the side fence improved but did not reach statistical significance. These findings suggest that the designed training protocol improves powerful smashes and smashes over the side fence, potentially optimizing performance. Future research with larger samples is needed to refine training guidelines and explore broader implications for performance, injury prevention, and long-term athlete development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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16 pages, 501 KB  
Article
Sex-Based Kinanthropometric and Health Metric Analysis in Amateur Athletes Across Various Disciplines: A Comparative Study
by Daniel Jonathan Navas Harrison, Ana María Pérez Pico, Julia Villar Rodríguez, Olga López Ripado and Raquel Mayordomo Acevedo
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031030 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482
Abstract
Kinanthropometry is the study of body dimensions and composition measurements, which are influenced by factors such as age and nutritional status, establishing a relationship between static measurements and dynamic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the kinanthropometric differences among 403 individuals (aged 18–42), [...] Read more.
Kinanthropometry is the study of body dimensions and composition measurements, which are influenced by factors such as age and nutritional status, establishing a relationship between static measurements and dynamic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the kinanthropometric differences among 403 individuals (aged 18–42), categorized by biological sex and the recreational sport they practiced. The main objective of this study was to clarify whether or not there were statistically significant differences between these groups. All of the measurements and indices were obtained following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Significant differences were found in most variables among the different sports. In general, the men showed higher values in terms of weight, height, body circumference, body mass index (BMI), relative index of the lower limbs (RILLs), percentage of muscle mass (%M), and percentage of residual mass (%R). The women exhibited higher values in terms of skinfold thicknesses, Cormic index (CI), body density index (BDI), percentage of fat mass (%F), and percentage of bone mass (%B). These findings can guide individuals in selecting sports based on their morphotype, optimizing their physical performance in recreational activities and improving their health and quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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17 pages, 609 KB  
Article
The Effects of Plyometric Training on the Performance of Three Types of Jumps and Jump Shots in College-Level Male Basketball Athletes
by Wei-Yang Huang, Cheng-En Wu and Hsuan Huang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412015 - 22 Dec 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9721
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that lower-limb plyometric training can effectively enhance muscle strength and explosiveness, which are particularly important for improving jumping ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training on vertical, lateral, and horizontal jumping abilities, [...] Read more.
Recent studies have shown that lower-limb plyometric training can effectively enhance muscle strength and explosiveness, which are particularly important for improving jumping ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training on vertical, lateral, and horizontal jumping abilities, and their subsequent impact on basketball shooting performance and sports injury prevention. A quasi-experimental design was used, recruiting 30 male college-level basketball players from Taiwan, who were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Both groups participated in 2 h of basketball training daily, while the experimental group additionally engaged in plyometric training twice a week. The results revealed significant improvements in the experimental group in several key areas, including rate of force development (RFD), ground reaction force (GRF), jump height, jump distance, and both horizontal and vertical forces, across vertical, lateral, and horizontal jumps. Specifically, vertical jumps required the highest ground reaction force, followed by lateral jumps, with horizontal (step-back) jumps requiring the least. The optimal angles for the resultant force during take-off were found to be between 66.1° and 66.8° for lateral jumps, and between 56.2° and 57.2° for step-back jumps, while vertical jumps did not show significant variation in take-off angle. In terms of basketball performance, the experimental group demonstrated significantly better post-test results in all three types of jump shots, with the highest accuracy observed in the vertical jump shot, followed by the lateral jump shot, and the lowest in the step-back jump shot. Furthermore, the experimental group experienced a substantial reduction in sports injury rates, with the injury rate decreasing to 6%. These findings indicate that plyometric training not only enhances jumping performance, but also contributes to injury prevention by strengthening lower-limb muscles. This study provides a theoretical basis for coaches to develop comprehensive training programs that improve athletic performance and reduce injury risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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11 pages, 1731 KB  
Article
An Analysis of Methodological Aspects in the Practice of Nautical Activities in Educational Centers
by Daniel Medina-Rebollo, Pedro Saenz-Lopez Buñuel, Pedro Jorge Paulino da Silva Bento, Jesús Fernandez-Gavira and Eduardo José Fernández-Ozcorta
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11648; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411648 - 13 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1152
Abstract
Currently, physical and sports activities in natural environments are viewed as valuable resources for combatting sedentary lifestyles, with water sports and related activities offering significant educational potential. However, these activities are not fully integrated into physical education programs, largely due to a lack [...] Read more.
Currently, physical and sports activities in natural environments are viewed as valuable resources for combatting sedentary lifestyles, with water sports and related activities offering significant educational potential. However, these activities are not fully integrated into physical education programs, largely due to a lack of training in methodological approaches. This qualitative study interviewed ten stakeholders (including instructors, managers, and teachers from three countries) to analyze key methodological aspects necessary for effective implementation. The results revealed three main findings: (1) direct instruction emerged as the primary teaching approach, incorporating demonstrations and level-appropriate activities; (2) optimal learning occurs in small groups of 8–12 students per instructor; and (3) technical skill development should focus on sailing, kayaking, and paddleboarding. This study identified weather conditions as a key challenge, necessitating flexible planning. Based on these findings, this study provides practical guidelines for implementing water sports in educational settings, emphasizing the importance of structured teaching approaches, appropriate group sizing, and environmental considerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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25 pages, 3492 KB  
Systematic Review
The Determinants of Success in One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 (T20) Cricket Matches: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Rucia V. November, Jaron Ras, Mogammad Sharhidd Taliep, Haiyan Cai, Clement Nyirenda and Lloyd L. Leach
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10341; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910341 - 24 Sep 2025
Viewed by 2544
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of success in International One Day (ODI) and Twenty20 (T20) cricket is essential for optimising team and player performance. This review aimed to identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with successful outcomes in elite international ODI and T20 matches. [...] Read more.
Understanding the determinants of success in International One Day (ODI) and Twenty20 (T20) cricket is essential for optimising team and player performance. This review aimed to identify the key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with successful outcomes in elite international ODI and T20 matches. The review also examines performance analysis (PA) methods and trends across male and female cricketers. Comprehensive searches were conducted across PubMed, SPORTDiscus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital library, Ebscohost and Web of Science, covering literature published between 2000 and the present. Studies were included if they reported on KPIs or PA techniques contributing to the success in cricket. Following a rigorous screening process, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. This review revealed that most PA studies focused on distinguishing KPIs between winning and losing teams. Although video technology and statistical models are increasingly applied, relatively few investigations have incorporated contextual variables or gender-inclusive perspectives. Notably, only one study examined female cricketers, which limited the ability to draw strong conclusions on sex-specific performance differences. Furthermore, gaps remain regarding the consistent application of PA methods across formats. This review provides an overview of success determinants in international cricket and highlights the need for holistic, inclusive and ecologically valid approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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