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A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients...
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A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2024) | Viewed by 13598

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ondulla T. Toomer

E-Mail Website1 Website2 Website3
Guest Editor
1. Research Chemist, Food Science & Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, USA
2. Adjunct-Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
3. Adjunct-Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Interests: animal feed; alternative feed ingredients; functional feed ingredients/foods; plant proteins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Feed thermo-mechanical processing mechanisms have routinely been utilized within the poultry meat and egg production industry as a means to optimize the nutrient utilization of feed components, in order to ultimately enhance poultry production performance. Consequently, a plethora of studies have been conducted to better define optimal feed processing methods which alter the nutritive value and quality of the animal feed components. Moreover, other studies have aimed to discuss the economic value of feed processing with increased nutrient digestibility and production performance within poultry meat and egg production to offset the additional cost of feed processing.

Feed costs account for approximately 65–75% of poultry meat and egg production. Hence, numerous studies have examined the use of more affordable alternative feed ingredients that are plentiful in supply to also support sustainable poultry meat and egg production. Hence, in this Special Issue, we aim to examine the range of possible alternative poultry feed ingredients and the processing methodologies utilized to enhance their nutritive value as a feedstock ration. We also invite our colleagues and subject matter experts to share their research, expertise, and opinions so that we might discover novel feed processing methods and further discuss poultry feed technology and poultry nutrient utilization.

Dr. Ondulla T. Toomer
Guest Editor

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 9371 KiB  
Article
Intestinal Effects of Brewers’ Spent Grain Extract In Ovo (Gallus gallus)—A Pilot Study
by Melissa Y. Huang, Louisa M. Smieska and Elad Tako
Animals 2025, 15(3), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030303 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Upcycling brewers’ spent grain (BSG) into poultry feed needs to be optimized. Since broiler chickens inefficiently digest fiber, we created a water-soluble BSG extract (BSGE) to explore this fraction’s potential nutritional benefits. We utilized intra-amniotic administration (in ovo) to target the gastrointestinal tract [...] Read more.
Upcycling brewers’ spent grain (BSG) into poultry feed needs to be optimized. Since broiler chickens inefficiently digest fiber, we created a water-soluble BSG extract (BSGE) to explore this fraction’s potential nutritional benefits. We utilized intra-amniotic administration (in ovo) to target the gastrointestinal tract of broiler embryos. BSGE increased villus surface area and goblet cell quantity and size, implying improved duodenal development. The extract also changed cecal Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridium abundances. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, along with zinc and iron transporter relative expression, did not reveal significant changes by BSGE. These findings highlight the potential for BSGE to be a functional feed component, underscoring the potential value of upcycling this byproduct. This pilot study supports future work exploring the impact of BSGE within feed and its effects over long-term consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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16 pages, 2560 KiB  
Article
Fermented Astragalus Powder, a New Potential Feed Additive for Broilers to Improve the Growth Performance and Health
by Songwei Han, Guowei Xu, Kang Zhang, Saad Ahmad, Lei Wang, Fubin Chen, Jiahui Liu, Xueyan Gu, Jianxi Li and Jingyan Zhang
Animals 2024, 14(11), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111628 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1941
Abstract
A total of 320 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into five groups. The control group (CON) received a basal diet, while the FAP4, FAP2, and FAP1 groups were provided with the basal diet supplemented with 4%, 2%, and 1% fermented Astragalus powder, respectively. [...] Read more.
A total of 320 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into five groups. The control group (CON) received a basal diet, while the FAP4, FAP2, and FAP1 groups were provided with the basal diet supplemented with 4%, 2%, and 1% fermented Astragalus powder, respectively. The unfermented Astragalus powder (UAP2) group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% UAP. Each group contained eight replicates of eight chicks each. The results revealed that the final BW and ADG in the FAP 1 and FAP2 were higher than those in the UAP2 and CON groups, while reducing F/G from day 14 to day 42. On day 42, the thymus index in the UAP and FAP groups as well as the bursa index in the FAP4 group showed significant increases compared to those in the CON group. Supplementation with 2% FAP elevated serum IgA levels in broilers on day 28 and day 42, and it also increased serum IgG levels on day 42. Furthermore, supplementation with 2% FAP elevated serum albumin (ALB) levels in broilers, while supplementation with 4% FAP increased serum (glucose) GLU levels in broilers on day 28. The serum biochemical parameters and pathological observation of the liver and kidney in the groups did not show any adverse effects on broilers’ health. In addition, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level significantly increased in the FAP4 and FAP2 groups on day 28, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in both serum and liver tissue decreased in the FAP2 group on day 28 and day 42. Compared to the CON group, 2% FAP and 2% UAP supplementation reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides and supplementation with 2% FAP increased the relative abundance of Alistipes on day 42. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of FAP can enhance the growth performance, immune function, and antioxidant capacity and regulate microflora in broilers, of which 2% FAP is more effective. It indicates FAP exhibits significant application potential as a promising feed additive for broilers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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13 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Levels of Extruded Coffee (Coffea arabica) Pulp Flour on the Productive Performance and Intestinal Morphometry of Cobb 500 Broiler Chickens
by Steven Antúnez, Nadia Fuentes, Marco Gutierrez, Fernando Carcelén, Fritz Trillo, Sofía López, Sandra Bezada, Virginia Rivadeneira, Samuel Pizarro and Jimny Nuñez
Animals 2024, 14(8), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081170 - 13 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
Coffee pulp is a by-product of the coffee industry. Due to conventional management techniques, it represents a severe environmental problem due to its negative impact on the soil (anaerobic fermentation and pH changes), water sources (the infiltration of pollutants into streams, acidification of [...] Read more.
Coffee pulp is a by-product of the coffee industry. Due to conventional management techniques, it represents a severe environmental problem due to its negative impact on the soil (anaerobic fermentation and pH changes), water sources (the infiltration of pollutants into streams, acidification of water sources, and modification of microorganisms), and biodiversity (soil microbiology, fish, crustaceans, and other vertebrates). Therefore, it is essential to develop protocols for the treatment of this waste so that it can be used again in other productive activities under the circular economy approach. This means that all the waste from a production process can be reused, can generate value for the benefit of the producer, and, in turn, mitigate the environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of 5 levels of wheat bran (WB) with extruded coffee pulp flour (ECPF) as an alternative to a conventional fiber source in broiler finisher diets. A total of 300 Cobb 500 chickens in the finishing phase were assessed in the study, grouped in 5 treatments: T1, a conventional diet or control treatment (100% WB and 0% ECPF), T2 (75% WB and 25% ECPF), T3 (50% WB and 50% ECPF), T4 (25% WB and 75% ECPF), and T5 (0% WB and 100% ECPF). Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and intestinal morphometry (villus length: VL, villus width: VW, crypt depth: CD, villus height/crypt depth ratio: V/C, and villus surface area: VSA) were evaluated at the level of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Feed intake decreased correspondingly as the ECPF in the diet was increased, with statistical differences (p < 0.01) between their averages; the most significant weight gain (834.61 g) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, this being statistically different (p < 0.01) from T4 and T5; similarly, the best FCR (1.58) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, followed by the control treatment T1 (with 1.64); however, they were not statistically different (p > 0.05). All treatment results were similar to the VL control samples in the three intestinal portions, except for the T5 in the jejunum, which showed statistical differences from the control. In VW, the treatment results were similar to the control samples of the jejunum and ileum; however, in the duodenum, the T5 results showed the highest value (172.18 μm), being statistically different (p < 0.05) from the other treatments being evaluated. For CD, it was only in the duodenum that the T2 and T3 treatments were similar to the control. Likewise, for V/C in the duodenum, only the T2 results were similar to the control. There was no significant difference in the VSA among the different treatment groups. T2 showed better production parameters without altering the intestinal villi. In conclusion, ECPF is a potential input for use to replace up to 25% of WB in the feed of broilers in the finishing phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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20 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
Use of Cactus Pear Meal in the Feeding of Laying Hens in Semi-Intensive System
by Iara S. Sousa, Roseane M. Bezerra, Edson C. Silva Filho, Leilson R. Bezerra, Ricardo L. Edvan, Stelio B. P. Lima, Elainy Cristina Lopes, Francisca Luana A. Carvalho, Francinete A. S. Moura, Gabriela I. Souza and Leilane R. B. Dourado
Animals 2024, 14(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14040625 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1859
Abstract
Little information is available in the literature on the use of cactus pear meal (CPM) in poultry diets; therefore, it is important to evaluate diets that provide excellent performance and lower production costs. Our objective was to study the use of Miúda CPM [...] Read more.
Little information is available in the literature on the use of cactus pear meal (CPM) in poultry diets; therefore, it is important to evaluate diets that provide excellent performance and lower production costs. Our objective was to study the use of Miúda CPM in the diets of laying hens. In the first study, two diets for male and female chicks were used—1: 80% reference diet + 20% Miúda cactus pear meal (CPM) and 2: 80% reference diet + 20% Gigante cactus pear meal (CPM). The variety Miúda provided a better use of metabolizable energy, as well as a greater digestibility coefficient of dry matter, protein, and mineral matter. In the second study, a control diet was compared to three diets with different levels of Miúda CPM for laying hens in the proportions of 3%, 6%, and 9%. No significant differences were found in productive performance. However, there were significant differences in the some parameters egg quality, texture and color profile of the cooked yolk, egg composition, fatty acids and cholesterol in the yolk. It is possible to use 9% Miúda CPM in the diet of laying hens in a semi-intensive system that does not compromise performance and egg quality, and using 3% Miúda CPM provides a higher economic return. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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18 pages, 1889 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Different Processes on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Contents of White and Blue Lupin Seeds and Usage Possibilities for Sustainable Poultry Production
by Tugce Uzun and Aylin Agma Okur
Animals 2023, 13(22), 3496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223496 - 13 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1634
Abstract
In the current era, it is important to consider economic and ecological sustainability issues while optimally meeting the nutrient needs of poultry. The use and research of alternative feedstuffs have gained importance due to these factors. The aim of this study is to [...] Read more.
In the current era, it is important to consider economic and ecological sustainability issues while optimally meeting the nutrient needs of poultry. The use and research of alternative feedstuffs have gained importance due to these factors. The aim of this study is to reveal the raw lupin seeds’ nutrient ingredients as an alternative feedstuff and the effects of debittering methods. In the present study, two different treatments (germination for 2 days; heat treatment in an autoclave at 130 °C for 20 min) were applied to white and blue lupin seeds, and the differences in nutrient compositions between them and raw seeds were determined. When fatty acid compositions were analyzed, oleic, γ-linolenic, arachidic, behenic, erucic, and lignoceric acid values were found to be the highest in the raw, autoclaved, and germinated forms of white lupin (p < 0.01). The highest values of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were observed in blue lupin (p < 0.01). While the value of total quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in raw white lupin grains was higher than 1.943 mg/g, it was higher than 1.800 mg/g in autoclaved and germination-treated grains. Similarly, the total QA value of raw blue lupin grains was 0.894 mg/g, 0.609 ± 0.244 mg/g in germination-treated seeds, and 0.705 ± 0.282 mg/g in autoclave-treated seeds. As a result of these findings, it can be said that the methods applied for the removal of bitterness gave promising results. Furthermore, it would be rewarding to use these lupin varieties in in vitro and in vivo experiments to reveal the impacts and mechanisms of debittering methods on poultry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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Review

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17 pages, 639 KiB  
Review
Full-Fat Soybean Meals as an Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredient—Feed Processing Methods and Utilization—Review and Perspective
by Ondulla T. Toomer, Edgar Orlando Oviedo-Rondón, Muhammad Ali, Michael Joseph, Thien Vu, Ben Fallen and Rouf Mian
Animals 2024, 14(16), 2366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162366 - 15 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3067
Abstract
On a global scale, the poultry industry expands its wings in terms of meat and egg production to the masses. However, this industry itself requires a sustainable and permanent supply of different inputs, one of which is poultry feed and nutrition. Soybean is [...] Read more.
On a global scale, the poultry industry expands its wings in terms of meat and egg production to the masses. However, this industry itself requires a sustainable and permanent supply of different inputs, one of which is poultry feed and nutrition. Soybean is a versatile protein that is offered to poultry in different inclusion rates in commercial diets after being processed using various thermal and mechanical processing methods. Conventional commercial soybean meal is usually prepared by the extraction of oil from whole soybeans using solvents, producing a meal that has approximately 1% crude fat. Without oil extraction, full-fat soybean (FFSBM) is produced, and it is an excellent source of dietary energy and protein for poultry with a nutritional profile of 38–40% protein and 18–20% crude fat, on average. FFSBM has less crude protein (CP) than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE SBM) but higher metabolizable energy due to higher fat content. Alternatively, extruded expeller processing produces defatted soybean meal containing approximately 6–7% crude fat. Studies have demonstrated that FFSBM can be used in poultry diets to improve poultry nutrition, performance, and quality of the poultry meat and eggs produced. This review aims to evaluate the nutrition and use of meals prepared from conventional and high-oleic soybeans using various feed processing methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift—Precision Poultry Nutrition and Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients Using Novel Feed Processing Methods)
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