Actuation, Biomechanics, and Control Strategies of Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Exoskeletons

A special issue of Actuators (ISSN 2076-0825). This special issue belongs to the section "Actuators for Medical Instruments".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 1371

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, School of Computing Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Interests: mechanical design; robotics; control; FEA and bone fracture analysis
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Guest Editor
Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Interests: assistive and rehabilitation robots; systems design; cyber-physical systems; dynamics; controls

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce this Special Issue of Actuators, titled "Actuation, Biomechanics, and Control Strategies of Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Exoskeletons".

This Special Issue will focus on the engineering and neurological aspects of active (powered) prosthetics and orthotics control, with a particular emphasis on how performance metrics align—or even conflict—with user satisfaction, acceptance, and experience. This Special Issue aims to bridge the gap between quantitative performance measures of active prosthetic, orthotic, and exoskeleton devices and the qualitative (and often subjective) satisfaction reported by users. As the field progresses, it is increasingly important to not only consider how well these actuated devices perform in clinical or lab settings and how well they follow the desired trajectories, but also how users perceive and experience them in real-world scenarios.

We invite original research articles, systematic reviews, case studies, and theoretical perspectives on topics including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Biomechanics, actuation, and control strategies;
  • Active (actuated) prosthetics, orthotics, and exoskeletons;
  • Powered assistive devices, rehabilitation engineering, and human–machine interactions;
  • Wearable robotics, bio-inspired robotics, and gait analysis;
  • Neural interfaces, muscle synergies, kinematics, and dynamics;
  • Rehabilitation robotics, human motor control, and sensor technologies;
  • Artificial intelligence, wearable sensors, and biomedical engineering;
  • Human–machine interactions, haptic feedback, and Electromyography (EMG);
  • Assistive technology, lower-limb prosthetics, and upper-limb prosthetics;
  • Neuromuscular control and assistive robotics;
  • Control mechanisms in powered prosthetics, orthotics, and exoskeletons;
  • Comparative analyses of device performance metrics vs. user satisfaction;
  • Neurofeedback and adaptive control in active prosthetic and orthotic interfaces;
  • Advances in sensory feedback integration for enhanced user experience;
  • Real-world and longitudinal studies on user satisfaction and device acceptance;
  • Neural interfacing techniques for optimized control of prosthetic limbs;
  • User-centered design approaches in neuro-orthotic and prosthetic engineering.

We seek contributions from researchers, clinicians, and engineers that push the boundaries of how we evaluate and improve prosthetic, orthotic, and exoskeleton devices in terms of both clinical efficacy and user-centric satisfaction.

Dr. Mahdy Eslamy
Prof. Dr. Mo Rastgaar
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • biomechanics
  • actuation
  • control strategies
  • active prosthetics
  • orthotics
  • exoskeletons
  • powered assistive devices
  • wearable robotics
  • rehabilitation robotics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2606 KB  
Article
Ankle Foot Orthosis Intervention Improves the Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (Randomized Clinical Trial)
by Zahra Salamifar, Farahnaz Fallahtafti, Kaeli Samson, Iraklis I. Pipinos, Jason M. Johanning and Sara A. Myers
Actuators 2026, 15(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/act15040187 - 27 Mar 2026
Viewed by 454
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of walking with ankle-foot-orthoses (AFOs) and without AFOs (non-AFO) on ground reaction forces (GRFs) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Additionally, this study examined the effect of AFO intervention vs. no AFO intervention on GRFs while walking [...] Read more.
This study investigated the impact of walking with ankle-foot-orthoses (AFOs) and without AFOs (non-AFO) on ground reaction forces (GRFs) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Additionally, this study examined the effect of AFO intervention vs. no AFO intervention on GRFs while walking with and without AFOs. Fifty patients with PAD were randomly assigned to either a three-month intervention (AFO) or a control (standard-of-care) group. After three months, subjects crossed over to the alternate group and were evaluated after three additional months. GRF data (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical) were collected during walking with and without AFOs at baseline, three, and six months. Peak discrete GRF points, braking and propulsion impulses were compared across conditions, groups, and time points using linear mixed models. The peak brake and propulsion GRF were significantly reduced while walking with AFOs versus non-AFO (p < 0.01). Compared to non-AFO, walking with AFOs significantly reduced lateral GRF magnitude (p = 0.03) and significantly increased medial GRF (p = 0.02). The first and second maximum (p < 0.01) vertical GRF were significantly increased with AFOs versus non-AFOs. Walking with AFOs helped patients with PAD achieve greater peak propulsion and vertical GRFs compared to non-AFO, with GRF values trending toward those previously reported in healthy individuals. Full article
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29 pages, 7055 KB  
Article
Control of Powered Ankle–Foot Prostheses on Compliant Terrain: A Quantitative Approach to Stability Enhancement
by Chrysostomos Karakasis, Camryn Scully, Robert Salati and Panagiotis Artemiadis
Actuators 2026, 15(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/act15020107 - 7 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Walking on compliant terrain presents a substantial challenge for individuals with lower-limb amputation, further elevating their already high risk of falling. While powered ankle–foot prostheses have demonstrated adaptability across speeds and rigid terrains, control strategies optimized for soft or compliant surfaces remain underexplored. [...] Read more.
Walking on compliant terrain presents a substantial challenge for individuals with lower-limb amputation, further elevating their already high risk of falling. While powered ankle–foot prostheses have demonstrated adaptability across speeds and rigid terrains, control strategies optimized for soft or compliant surfaces remain underexplored. This work experimentally validates an admittance-based control strategy that dynamically adjusts the quasi-stiffness of powered prostheses to enhance gait stability on compliant ground. Human subject experiments were conducted with three healthy individuals walking on two bilaterally compliant surfaces with ground stiffness values of 63 and 25kNm, representative of real-world soft environments. Controller performance was quantified using phase portraits and two walking stability metrics, offering a direct assessment of fall risk. Compared to a standard phase-variable controller developed for rigid terrain, the proposed admittance controller reduced short-term maximum Lyapunov exponents by an average of 7%, indicating improved local dynamic stability. These results support the potential of adaptive prostheses control to enhance gait stability on compliant surfaces, contributing to the development of more robust human–prosthesis interaction. Full article
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