Journal Description
Marine Drugs
Marine Drugs
is the leading, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the research, development, and production of biologically and therapeutically active compounds from the sea. Marine Drugs is published monthly online by MDPI. Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society (ANZMBS) is affiliated with Marine Drugs and its members receive a discount on article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, MarinLit, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
5.4 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.6 (2024)
Latest Articles
New Strategy for the Degradation of High-Concentration Sodium Alginate with Recombinant Enzyme 102C300C-Vgb and the Beneficial Effects of Its Degradation Products on the Gut Health of Stichopus japonicus
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090339 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025
Abstract
High viscosity of alginate means a relatively low substrate concentration, which limits the efficiency of hydrolysis, resulting in one of the main challenges for the large-scale production of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS). In this study, a pilot-scale degradation product (PSDP) of the recombinant enzyme
[...] Read more.
High viscosity of alginate means a relatively low substrate concentration, which limits the efficiency of hydrolysis, resulting in one of the main challenges for the large-scale production of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS). In this study, a pilot-scale degradation product (PSDP) of the recombinant enzyme 102C300C-Vgb was produced for the first time at a substrate concentration of up to 20% sodium alginate. The optimal conditions for SA digestion were: enzyme dosage of 25 U/g, enzymatic temperature of 45 °C, enzymatic pH of 7.0, and enzymatic time of 24 h. Under these conditions, the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was consistently in the range of 69% to 70%. The average molecular weight (Mw) of PSDP was 1496.36 Da, mainly containing oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization ranging from 2 to 4. The low-Mw PSDP was subsequently applied in the diet of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. The results showed that the body wall weight of S. japonicus increased significantly after 40 days of feeding with a 0.09% PSDP-supplemented diet. Furthermore, PSDP-supplemented diet significantly increased the thickness of the serosal and submucosal layers and the width folds of mucosa of the sea cucumber gut. The abundance of pathogenic bacteria was reduced effectively, and that of beneficial bacteria increased significantly after being fed with PSDP. The results demonstrated that PSDP can serve as a digestive health enhancer for sea cucumbers, promoting their healthy growth.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials of Marine Origin)
Open AccessArticle
Marine Algal Metabolites as Cellular Antioxidants: A Study of Caulerpin and Caulerpinic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by
Graziana Assalve, Paola Lunetti, Annalisa Fai, Antonio Terlizzi, Vincenzo Zara and Alessandra Ferramosca
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090338 (registering DOI) - 25 Aug 2025
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to numerous chronic diseases. Marine green algae of the Caulerpa genus are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the intracellular antioxidant effects of caulerpin (CAU)
[...] Read more.
Oxidative stress caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to numerous chronic diseases. Marine green algae of the Caulerpa genus are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the intracellular antioxidant effects of caulerpin (CAU) and its derivative caulerpinic acid (CA) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model. Methods: Yeast cells were pretreated with 1 μM of CAU or CA, or with 1 μM of resveratrol (RESV) as a positive control, then exposed to 2 mM of H2O2. Growth, ROS levels, oxidative damage markers, and antioxidant defenses were assessed. Results: Both CAU and CA significantly improved cell survival under oxidative stress, restoring growth rates (CAU: 0.129 h−1, CA: 0.137 h−1) and doubling times (CAU: 5.38 h, CA: 5.07 h) close to control values. Intracellular ROS accumulation, protein carbonylation, and lipid peroxidation were reduced to near-baseline levels. While catalase (Cat) and superoxide dismutase (Sod) activity remained unchanged, CAU and CA elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels (1.6–1.8 fold) and preserved glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, compared to stressed cells without antioxidant pretreatment. Conclusions: CAU and CA act as effective intracellular antioxidants, primarily via ROS scavenging and GSH-dependent pathways. These findings support their potential as natural candidates for developing antioxidant-based therapies against ROS-related disorders.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
OSMAC-Driven Discovery of Six New Alkaloids from the Cold-Seep-Derived Fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae HDN21-0307
by
Xinsheng Huang, Jiajin Wu, Luning Zhou, Zhengjie Wang, Qian Che, Liangzhen Chen, Wenxue Wang, Tianjiao Zhu and Dehai Li
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090337 - 25 Aug 2025
Abstract
Six new alkaloid compounds, including two rare aromatic nitrile compounds talaronitriles A–B (1–2), a novel oxime-functionalized azadiphilone analogue talarooxime A (3), a new phenylhydrazone alkaloid talarohydrazone E (4), and two new dipeptide compounds talarodipeptides A–B
[...] Read more.
Six new alkaloid compounds, including two rare aromatic nitrile compounds talaronitriles A–B (1–2), a novel oxime-functionalized azadiphilone analogue talarooxime A (3), a new phenylhydrazone alkaloid talarohydrazone E (4), and two new dipeptide compounds talarodipeptides A–B (5–6), were isolated from the deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae HDN21-0307 via OSMAC approach. Compound 1 is the first natural naphthalene compound with cyano groups. Compound 3 represents the first natural product containing an oxime-functionalized azadiphilone scaffold. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated through spectroscopic data analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Notably, compound 3 demonstrated moderate DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 29.41 μM.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Structural Studies on Marine Natural Products)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Democratized Discovery of Microsclerodermin F as an Immunophilin Ligand
by
Manfred Auer, Malcolm D. Walkinshaw, Jacqueline Dornan, Nhan T. Pham, Xinru Xue, Miaomiao Liu, Ronald J. Quinn, Eric M. Ross, Abimael D. Rodríguez and James J. La Clair
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090336 - 24 Aug 2025
Abstract
While immunophilins are well-recognized therapeutic targets, several members of this family of peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) have yet to be subjected to ligand discovery efforts. In this study, we demonstrate a cost-effective means to identify ligands to the insufficiently investigated two-domain PPIase human Cyclophilin40
[...] Read more.
While immunophilins are well-recognized therapeutic targets, several members of this family of peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) have yet to be subjected to ligand discovery efforts. In this study, we demonstrate a cost-effective means to identify ligands to the insufficiently investigated two-domain PPIase human Cyclophilin40 (Cyp40). Central to this effort was the use of beads, wherein a confocal nanoscanning (CONA) approach was used to rapidly probe candidates. Here, we describe how one can adapt the physical nature of microsized beads as a means to strategically reduce cost and ultimately make the discovery of small molecule hit and lead compounds more accessible to everyone irrespective of financial status (democratization).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Marine Natural Products to Marine Bioproducts)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Postbiotics of Marine Origin and Their Therapeutic Application
by
Isabel M. Cerezo, Olivia Pérez-Gómez, Sonia Rohra-Benítez, Marta Domínguez-Maqueda, Jorge García-Márquez and Salvador Arijo
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090335 - 24 Aug 2025
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogens has prompted the search for alternative therapies. One such alternative is the use of probiotic microorganisms. However, growing interest is now turning toward postbiotics—non-viable microbial cells and/or their components or metabolites—that can confer health benefits without the risks
[...] Read more.
The increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogens has prompted the search for alternative therapies. One such alternative is the use of probiotic microorganisms. However, growing interest is now turning toward postbiotics—non-viable microbial cells and/or their components or metabolites—that can confer health benefits without the risks associated with administering live microbes. Marine ecosystems, characterized by extreme and diverse environmental conditions, are a promising yet underexplored source of microorganisms capable of producing unique postbiotic compounds. These include bioactive peptides, polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, and short-chain fatty acids produced by marine bacteria. Such compounds often exhibit enhanced stability and potent biological activity, offering therapeutic potential across a wide range of applications. This review explores the current knowledge on postbiotics of marine origin, highlighting their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer properties. We also examine recent in vitro and in vivo studies that demonstrate their efficacy in human and animal health. Some marine bacteria that have been studied for use as postbiotics belong to the genera Bacillus, Halobacillus, Halomonas, Mameliella, Shewanella, Streptomyces, Pseudoalteromonas, Ruegeria, Vibrio, and Weissella. In conclusion, although the use of the marine environment as a source of postbiotics is currently limited compared to other environments, studies conducted to date demonstrate its potential.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine-Derived Ingredients for Drugs, Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Alginate Utilization Strategy in a Novel Marine Bacteroidetes: Insights from Roseihalotalea indica gen. nov. sp. nov. TK19036T
by
Zheng Fu, Shunqin You, Defang Wu, Runying Zeng, Kai Tang and Zhuhua Chan
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090334 - 24 Aug 2025
Abstract
Alginate, a major polysaccharide in brown algae, is vital for the carbon cycling of the ocean ecosystem and holds promise for biotechnological applications. Marine Bacteroidetes, known for the ability to degrade complex polysaccharides, play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle;
[...] Read more.
Alginate, a major polysaccharide in brown algae, is vital for the carbon cycling of the ocean ecosystem and holds promise for biotechnological applications. Marine Bacteroidetes, known for the ability to degrade complex polysaccharides, play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle; however, the detailed alginate degradation pattern remains to be further explored. In this study, an alginate utilization locus was identified in the genome of a new marine Bacteroidetes, Roseihalotalea indica gen. nov. sp. nov. TK19036T, and encodes two new alginate lyases, RiAlyPL6 and RiAlyPL17, which play potential roles in the degradation and utilization of alginate. RiAlyPL6 and RiAlyPL17 have distinct degradation products and substrate preferences, revealing the adaptation of the strain to utilize alginate with different M/G ratios. Based on the results in this paper, we have proposed a model for the degradation and utilization mechanism of alginate in Roseihalotalea indica gen. nov. sp. nov. TK19036T. All in all, our research provides a new insight into the alginate mechanisms within marine Roseihalotalea, and the two novel alginate lyases are excellent candidates for preparation and application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Seaweed-Degrading Enzymes)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Sea Anemone Stichodactyla Haddoni Venom: Extraction Method Dictates Composition and Functional Potency
by
Meiling Huang, Ming Li, Rong Zhu, Kailin Mao, Kun Pan, Xuefeidan Liu and Bingmiao Gao
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090333 - 23 Aug 2025
Abstract
Sea anemone venoms contain diverse toxins that have significant pharmacological potential, including anticancer, ecticidal, and immunotherapeutic properties. However, critically, the extraction methodology influences venom composition and bioactivity. This study characterized venom from Stichodactyla haddoni obtained via homogenization, electrical stimulation, and milking. Extraction yields
[...] Read more.
Sea anemone venoms contain diverse toxins that have significant pharmacological potential, including anticancer, ecticidal, and immunotherapeutic properties. However, critically, the extraction methodology influences venom composition and bioactivity. This study characterized venom from Stichodactyla haddoni obtained via homogenization, electrical stimulation, and milking. Extraction yields varied significantly between methods: the homogenization, electrical stimulation, and milking of healthy sea anemones yielded crude venoms at rates of 17.8%, 3.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. SDS-PAGE revealed distinct protein banding patterns and concentrations, while RP-HPLC demonstrated method-dependent compositional differences. Comprehensive proteomic profiling identified 2370 proteins, encompassing both unique and shared components across extraction techniques. Label-free quantitative analysis confirmed significant variations in protein abundance that was attributable to the extraction method. Cytotoxicity assays against cancer cell lines revealed concentration-dependent inhibition, with milking-derived venom exhibiting the highest potency. Insecticidal activity against Tenebrio molitor was also method-dependent, with milking venom inducing the highest mortality rate. These findings elucidate the profound impact of extraction methodology on the protein composition and functional activities of S. haddoni venom, providing crucial insights for its optimized exploitation in pharmacological development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Toxins: Characterization, Detection, Classification and Potential Therapeutics)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
High Inter- and Intraspecific Variability in Amphidinol Content and Toxicity of Amphidinium Strains
by
Catharina Alves-de-Souza, Jannik Weber, Mathew Schmitt, Robert York, Sarah Karafas, Carmelo Tomas and Bernd Krock
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(9), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23090332 - 22 Aug 2025
Abstract
Amphidinols (AM) are a diverse group of bioactive polyketides produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium, known for their hemolytic, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. This work presents the assessment of AM profiles in a comprehensive number of strains, whose species boundaries were
[...] Read more.
Amphidinols (AM) are a diverse group of bioactive polyketides produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Amphidinium, known for their hemolytic, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. This work presents the assessment of AM profiles in a comprehensive number of strains, whose species boundaries were previously established through detailed taxonomic analysis. Using UHPLC-MS/MS, we characterized the spectrum of AM analogs in 54 Amphidinium strains isolated from diverse geographical locations. In addition, toxicity was assessed using brine shrimp assays, which revealed significant inter- and intraspecific variability. Despite the broad diversity in AM content, no clear correlation was observed between total AM levels and toxicity across all strains. Multivariate analysis grouped the strains into clusters distinguished by distinct AM profiles and toxicity levels, suggesting that AM production alone does not predict toxicity. Our findings highlight the complexity of Amphidinium bioactivity, emphasizing the influence of strain-specific factors and other bioactive compounds. This work highlights the importance of integrating chemical, genetic, and biological assessments to understand better the factors that govern toxicity in this genus, with implications for ecological studies and the monitoring of harmful dinoflagellates.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotoxins, 4th Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Screening and Assessment of Hypoglycemic Active Peptide from Natural Edible Pigment Phycobiliprotein Based on Molecular Docking, Network Pharmacology, Enzyme Inhibition Assay Analyses, and Cell Experiments
by
Zhimin Zhu, Yan Zhang, Bingbing He, Limin He, Guihong Fang, Yi Ning, Pengcheng Fu and Jing Liu
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080331 - 17 Aug 2025
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins have gained increasing attention for their antidiabetic potential, yet the specific bioactive peptides and their targets and molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. In this study, four peptides with potential hypoglycemic activity were identified through virtual screening. Network pharmacology was employed to elucidate
[...] Read more.
Phycobiliproteins have gained increasing attention for their antidiabetic potential, yet the specific bioactive peptides and their targets and molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. In this study, four peptides with potential hypoglycemic activity were identified through virtual screening. Network pharmacology was employed to elucidate their hypoglycemic mechanism in the treatment of T2DM. A subsequent in vitro assay confirmed that the synthesized peptides, GR-5, SA-6, VF-6, and IR-7, exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and DPP-IV. In insulin-resistant HepG2 models, all four peptides exhibited no cytotoxicity. Among them, GR-5 demonstrated the most promising therapeutic potential by remarkably enhancing cellular glucose consumption capacity. Furthermore, GR-5 administration substantially increased glycogen synthesis and enzymatic activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase with statistically significant improvements compared to the control groups. This study provides novel peptide candidates for T2DM treatment and validates an integrative strategy for targeted bioactive peptide discovery, advancing the development of algal protein-based therapeutics.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Heterologous Expression and Antimicrobial Targets of a Novel Glycine-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide from Artemia franciscana
by
Ming Tao, Aobo Sun, Huishi Shao, Huaiyuan Ye, Guangming Yu, Daigeng Chen and Wei Zhang
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080330 - 17 Aug 2025
Abstract
The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture, caused by the excessive and unregulated use of antibiotics, highlights the critical necessity for developing new anti-infective solutions. Based on the characteristics of glycine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and transcriptomic data, an antimicrobial peptide, namely Af
[...] Read more.
The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture, caused by the excessive and unregulated use of antibiotics, highlights the critical necessity for developing new anti-infective solutions. Based on the characteristics of glycine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and transcriptomic data, an antimicrobial peptide, namely AfRgly1, was discovered in this study. Subsequently, the peptide was obtained through heterologous expression in E. coli, and its antibacterial spectrum was determined. Molecular dynamics simulation and molecular biology experiments were conducted to explore the antibacterial target of AfRgly1. Results showed that the mRNA expression level of AfRgly1 was significantly upregulated after Vibrio alginolyticus infection. AfRgly1 has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity targeting on bacterial cell membrane, and it may also interact with bacterial DNA. AfRgly1 displayed low selectivity for fish red blood cells. These results indicate that AfRgly1 is an antimicrobial peptide with considerable potential for application in the development of therapeutic agents.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Peptides: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential, 5th Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Discovery of a Hepatoprotective Trinor-Sesterterpenoid from the Marine Fungus Talaromyces sp. Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
by
Wenxun Lan, Jian Cai, Liyan Yan, Xinyi Wu, Lisha Zhang, Chunmei Chen, Zhongqiu Liu, Xuefeng Zhou and Lan Tang
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080329 - 16 Aug 2025
Abstract
A new trinor-sesterterpenoid penitalarin D (1), with a 3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety, as well as two known compounds, penitalarin C (2) and nafuredin A (3), were obtained from the mangrove sediment-derived Talaromyces sp. SCSIO 41412. Their structures were determined
[...] Read more.
A new trinor-sesterterpenoid penitalarin D (1), with a 3,6-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety, as well as two known compounds, penitalarin C (2) and nafuredin A (3), were obtained from the mangrove sediment-derived Talaromyces sp. SCSIO 41412. Their structures were determined by detailed NMR, MS spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. Penitalarin D (1) and nafuredin A (3) showed toxicity or no toxicity against HepG2 cells at a concentration of 200 μM. The transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed that 3 could be effective by regulating ferroptosis pathways in HepG2 cells, which was subsequently validated by RT-qPCR, demonstrating significant upregulation of ferroptosis-related genes. Pre-treatment with 3 could mitigate hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced damage in the oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) cell model. Given the structural similarity of compounds 1, 2, and 3, we also screened compounds 1 and 2 in an AML12 OGD/R model. As no significant activity was observed, compound 3 was selected for subsequent in vivo studies. Subsequently, in vivo experiments demonstrated that 3 could significantly decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and display the hepatoprotective effects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI). These findings identified nafuredin A (3) as a promising hepatoprotective agent for new drug development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 2025 Symposium on Marine Microbiology in China)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Efficacy of Daily Salmon Oil for Adult Type 2 Asthma: An Exploratory Randomized Double-Blind Trial
by
Katarina Mølsæter, Kjetil Roth, Tor Åge Myklebust, Erland Hermansen, Dave Singh, Crawford Currie and Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080328 - 15 Aug 2025
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic respiratory condition with distinct inflammatory phenotypes, including type 2-driven eosinophilic asthma. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial investigated the effects of OmeGO®, on respiratory outcomes in adults with type 2 asthma. Over a 20-week period, 66
[...] Read more.
Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic respiratory condition with distinct inflammatory phenotypes, including type 2-driven eosinophilic asthma. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial investigated the effects of OmeGO®, on respiratory outcomes in adults with type 2 asthma. Over a 20-week period, 66 participants received 6 g per day of either OmeGO® (≥120 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ≥180 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), or placebo. The key outcome was a composite score of moderate and severe exacerbation events. Asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Questionnaire-5-item (ACQ5) and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria. The median time to the first composite event was 37 days (95% CI 9–47) in the OmeGO group and 15 days (95% CI 12–33) in the placebo group (p = 0.347); 73% of the participants in the OmeGO experienced at least one exacerbation compared to 82% in the placebo group (p = 0.347). The weekly frequence of composite events was 0.36 per day in the OmeGO group and 0.32 in the placebo group (p = 0.777). Even though there are no differences in the exacerbation rates between groups, the time to first composite event should be further explored.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
New Marine-Inspired Oxadiazole Derivatives for Use Against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
by
Camilla Pecoraro, Daniela Carbone, Fares Hezam Mohammed Al Ostoot, Mahrou Vahabi, Giulia Lencioni, Patrizia Diana, Elisa Giovannetti and Barbara Parrino
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080327 - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies, with limited effective therapeutic options due to late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and rapid development of drug resistance. In pursuit of novel treatments, this study reports the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a
[...] Read more.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies, with limited effective therapeutic options due to late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and rapid development of drug resistance. In pursuit of novel treatments, this study reports the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of topsentin derivatives, featuring a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core. The newly synthesized derivatives were screened for antiproliferative activity against multiple PDAC cell lines (SUIT-2, Patu-T, and PANC-1), identifying several compounds with potent growth-inhibitory effects, particularly on SUIT-2 and Patu-T cells. Further studies demonstrated that these compounds also significantly inhibited cell migration and reduced clonogenic potential, with IC50 values in the micromolar range. The results suggest that these marine-inspired 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives effectively target key hallmarks of PDAC, including proliferation, migration, and colony formation, supporting their further development as promising candidates for overcoming drug resistance and metastatic progression in pancreatic cancer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Mannan-Containing Polymers from Hadal Bacterium Psychrobacter pulmonis: Preparation, Structural Analysis, Immunological Activity and Antitumor Effects
by
Mingxing Qi, Shuqiang Yan, Yukun Cui, Yanan Huang, Yang Liu, Wenhui Wu, Xi Yu and Peipei Wang
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080326 - 12 Aug 2025
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides from extreme environments are increasingly becoming valuable candidates for drug development. In this study, four fractions named XL-1, XMRS-1, XL-1-D, and XMRS-1-D were isolated and purified from the hadal bacterium Psychrobacter pulmonis by column chromatography. The structural features of these fractions
[...] Read more.
Microbial exopolysaccharides from extreme environments are increasingly becoming valuable candidates for drug development. In this study, four fractions named XL-1, XMRS-1, XL-1-D, and XMRS-1-D were isolated and purified from the hadal bacterium Psychrobacter pulmonis by column chromatography. The structural features of these fractions were characterized by molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, amino acid analysis and NMR. The results showed that XL-1 and XMRS-1 were mainly composed of mannose, glucose, and glucosamine, while XL-1-D and XMRS-1-D were mainly composed of mannose. In vitro bioactivity assays demonstrated that all four fractions significantly enhanced RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis, stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induced the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA. Moreover, plate cloning tests, cell scratch tests, and apoptosis assays, along with RT-qPCR analysis, demonstrated that the four fractions significantly inhibited A549 cells’ proliferation. Specifically, XMRS-1 and XMRS-1-D upregulated Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9, while downregulating Bcl-2, suggesting transcriptional activation of apoptosis-related pathways. These results offered a reference for the further development and utilization of this hadal bacterium in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exopolysaccharide Isolated from Marine Microorganisms)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Marine-Derived Polymers–Polysaccharides as Promising Natural Therapeutics for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
by
Edmond Leonard Jim, Edwin Leopold Jim, Reggie Surya, Happy Kurnia Permatasari and Fahrul Nurkolis
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080325 - 12 Aug 2025
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Despite widespread use of lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory agents such as statins, residual cardiovascular risk and adverse effects underscore the need
[...] Read more.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Despite widespread use of lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory agents such as statins, residual cardiovascular risk and adverse effects underscore the need for novel, safe, and multi-targeted therapies. Marine-derived polysaccharides (MDPs)—including fucoidan, alginate, laminarin, carrageenan, and chitosan—exhibit a spectrum of bioactivities relevant to ASCVD pathogenesis, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-modulatory, antithrombotic, and endothelial-protective effects. In this critical review, we synthesize preclinical and emerging clinical evidence on the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of these compounds. We highlight translational challenges, including structural variability, poor oral bioavailability, and limited human data, and propose strategies to overcome these barriers, such as molecular standardization, novel delivery systems, and well-designed clinical trials. MDPs represent promising natural therapeutics for ASCVD prevention and treatment, warranting further investigation in rigorous human studies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: Extraction and Biological Activities)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Unraveling of Seaweed Bioactive Substances and Their Nutritional Regulation Functions for Poultry
by
Si-Bing Li, Qing-Hua Yao, Xue-Qing Ye, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian and Wen-Chao Liu
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080324 - 10 Aug 2025
Abstract
Seaweed is a rich and valuable marine biological resource that contains various bioactive substances, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, fatty acids, and more. These compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulation effects. In the face of challenges related to
[...] Read more.
Seaweed is a rich and valuable marine biological resource that contains various bioactive substances, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, fatty acids, and more. These compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulation effects. In the face of challenges related to intensive farming, poultry are often exposed to multiple stressors during production, which can lead to oxidative stress, impaired intestinal barrier function, and excessive inflammatory responses. Due to their potent biological activities, seaweeds and their bioactive components have shown potential in improving poultry health and performance. This paper mainly reviews the classification of seaweeds and their extracts, their main biological functions, and the research progress on the application to poultry, with the aim of providing a reference for the research and application of seaweed active substances as functional feed additives in poultry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Content, Biologically Active Compounds, and Correlated Health Impacts of Seaweed as a Resource for Nutraceutical, Cosmetic, and Pharmaceutical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Alginate–Graphene Composites: Biochemical Features and Biomedical Potential
by
Marcin H. Kudzin, Anna Kaczmarek, Zdzisława Mrozińska, Cesar Hernandez, Klaudia Piekarska, Katarzyna Woźniak, Michał Juszczak and Paulina Król
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080323 - 9 Aug 2025
Abstract
Alginate-based materials are widely studied for biomedical use, but their limited mechanical properties and variable biocompatibility pose challenges. In this work, hybrid composites composed of alginate, calcium, and graphene oxide were fabricated using a freeze-drying method and cross-linked with calcium ions via calcium
[...] Read more.
Alginate-based materials are widely studied for biomedical use, but their limited mechanical properties and variable biocompatibility pose challenges. In this work, hybrid composites composed of alginate, calcium, and graphene oxide were fabricated using a freeze-drying method and cross-linked with calcium ions via calcium chloride at different concentrations. Structural and morphological features were assessed using SEM, EDS, ICP-MS, and BET analysis. The resulting composites exhibited a porous architecture, with calcium incorporation confirmed by elemental analysis. Surface characteristics and pore parameters were influenced by the presence of graphene oxide and the cross-linking process. The effects of the materials on haemostasis were evaluated through activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays, revealing modulation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway without significant changes in the extrinsic pathway. In this study, we analysed the effect of alginate–graphene oxide composites on the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and human foreskin fibroblasts from the Hs68 cell line. We also assessed the genotoxic potential of alginate–graphene oxide composites on these cells. Our results showed no cyto- or genotoxic effects of the material on either cell type. These findings suggest the biocompatibility and safe character of alginate–graphene oxide composites for use with blood and skin cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials of Marine Origin)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Antioxidant Power of Brown Algae: Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extracts Mitigate Oxidative Stress In Vitro and In Vivo
by
Lea Karlsberger, Georg Sandner, Lenka Molčanová, Tomáš Rýpar, Stéphanie Ladirat and Julian Weghuber
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080322 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Brown algae such as Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and Fucus vesiculosus (FV) are gaining considerable attention as functional feed additives due to their health-beneficial properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of AN and FV extracts in intestinal epithelial cells and the in vivo
[...] Read more.
Brown algae such as Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and Fucus vesiculosus (FV) are gaining considerable attention as functional feed additives due to their health-beneficial properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of AN and FV extracts in intestinal epithelial cells and the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Aqueous AN and FV extracts were characterized for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP), and phlorotannin composition using LC-HRMS/MS. Antioxidant effects were assessed in vitro, measuring AAPH-induced ROS production in Caco-2 and IPEC-J2 cells via H2DCF-DA, and in vivo, evaluating the effects of paraquat-induced oxidative stress and AN or FV treatment on worm motility, GST-4::GFP reporter expression, and gene expression in C. elegans. FV exhibited higher total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP), and a broader phlorotannin profile (degree of polymerization [DP] 2–9) than AN (DP 2–7), as determined by LC-HRMS/MS. Both extracts attenuated AAPH-induced oxidative stress in epithelial cells, with FV showing greater efficacy. In C. elegans, pre-treatment with AN and FV significantly mitigated a paraquat-induced motility decline by 22% and 11%, respectively, compared to PQ-stressed controls. Under unstressed conditions, both extracts enhanced nematode healthspan, with significant effects observed at 400 µg/g for AN and starting at 100 µg/g for FV. Gene expression analysis indicated that both extracts modulated antioxidant pathways in unstressed worms. Under oxidative stress, pre-treatment with AN and FV significantly reduced GST-4::GFP expression. In the nematode, AN was more protective under acute stress, whereas FV better supported physiological function in the absence of stressors. These findings demonstrate that AN and FV counteract oxidative stress in intestinal epithelial cells and in C. elegans, highlighting their potential as stress-reducing agents in animal feed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Algae Benefits in Pharmaceuticals, Cosmeceuticals, and Nutraceuticals)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Antibacterial Polysaccharides in Dental Implantology
by
Lubica Hallmann and Mark Daniel Gerngroß
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080321 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the properties of antibacterial polysaccharides for application in dental implantology to identify knowledge gaps and provide new research ideas. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were used
[...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the properties of antibacterial polysaccharides for application in dental implantology to identify knowledge gaps and provide new research ideas. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were used to search for peer-reviewed scientific publications published between 2018 and 2025 that provide insights to answer research questions on the role of antibacterial polysaccharides in combating pathogens in dental implantology without triggering immune reactions and inflammation. Further research questions relate to the efficacy against various dental pathogens and the understanding of the antibacterial mechanism, which may enable the development of functionalized polysaccharides with long-term antibacterial activity. Results: Biomedical implants have revolutionized medicine but also increased the risk of infections. Implant infections are a major problem in implantology and lead to implant failure and replacement. An antibacterial coating could be an excellent strategy to extend the lifespan of implants and improve the quality of the patient’s life. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses significant challenges for researchers, forcing them to search for new ways to prevent bacterial infections in implantology. Antibacterial natural polymers have recently received considerable research attention due to their long-term antibacterial activity. Polysaccharides from marine sources, such as chitosan and alginate, or pectin, xanthan, etc., from various plants, appear to be promising biopolymers for such applications in implantology due to their antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and osteogenic properties. The antibacterial activity of these natural biopolymers depends on their chemical and physical properties. Nanopolysaccharides exhibit higher antibacterial activity than conventional polysaccharides, but their toxicity to human cells must be considered. Their antibacterial activity is based on the disruption of bacterial DNA or RNA synthesis, increased cell wall permeability, membrane disruption, and cytoplasmic leakage. Conclusions: Polysaccharides are a class of natural polymers with a broad spectrum of biological activities. They exhibit antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral activity. Furthermore, polysaccharides are non-cytotoxic and exhibit good biocompatibility with osteogenic cells. Bactericidal polysaccharides are attractive new antibacterial materials against implant infections and open up new perspectives in implantology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomaterials for Dental Applications)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Seaweeds of the Israeli Mediterranean Sea: Nutritional and Biotechnological Potential Through Seasonal and Species Variation
by
Doron Yehoshua Ashkenazi, Félix L. Figueroa, Julia Vega, Shoshana Ben-Valid, Guy Paz, Eitan Salomon, Avigdor Abelson and Álvaro Israel
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080320 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
Macroalgae (seaweeds) produce unique bioactive metabolites that have enabled their survival for millions of years, offering significant potential for human benefits. In the Israeli Mediterranean Sea, no comprehensive systematic surveys of seaweeds have been published since the 1990s, and their chemical composition remains
[...] Read more.
Macroalgae (seaweeds) produce unique bioactive metabolites that have enabled their survival for millions of years, offering significant potential for human benefits. In the Israeli Mediterranean Sea, no comprehensive systematic surveys of seaweeds have been published since the 1990s, and their chemical composition remains largely unexplored. This study presents an extensive survey of intertidal seaweed communities along the shallow Israeli coastline, documenting their spatial, temporal, and biochemical diversity. Of the 320 specimens collected, 55 seaweed species were identified: 29 red (Rhodophyta), 14 brown (Phaeophyceae), and 12 green (Chlorophyta). A significant shift in species abundance was documented, with a single dominant annual bloom occurring during spring, unlike previously reported biannual blooms. Chemical analysis of the dominant species revealed significant seasonal variations in compound levels, with higher protein content in winter and increased antioxidant capacity during spring. Phenolic and natural sunscreen compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) showed no general seasonal trend. These findings highlight the optimal environmental conditions for seaweed growth and underscore their potential for aquaculture and biotechnology. We hypothesize that the ecologically unique conditions of the Israeli Mediterranean Sea may foster resilient seaweed species enriched with distinctive chemical properties, suitable for nutritional, health, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical applications, particularly as climate-adaptive bioresources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Algae: Unveiling Their Nutritional, Health, and Nutraceutical Potential—2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Marine Drugs Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal Browser-
arrow_forward_ios
Forthcoming issue
arrow_forward_ios Current issue - Vol. 23 (2025)
- Vol. 22 (2024)
- Vol. 21 (2023)
- Vol. 20 (2022)
- Vol. 19 (2021)
- Vol. 18 (2020)
- Vol. 17 (2019)
- Vol. 16 (2018)
- Vol. 15 (2017)
- Vol. 14 (2016)
- Vol. 13 (2015)
- Vol. 12 (2014)
- Vol. 11 (2013)
- Vol. 10 (2012)
- Vol. 9 (2011)
- Vol. 8 (2010)
- Vol. 7 (2009)
- Vol. 6 (2008)
- Vol. 5 (2007)
- Vol. 4 (2006)
- Vol. 3 (2005)
- Vol. 2 (2004)
- Vol. 1 (2003)
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Biomolecules, IJMS, Molecules, Sci. Pharm., Marine Drugs, Plants
Antioxidant Activity of Natural Products—2nd Edition
Topic Editors: José Virgílio Santulhão Pinela, Maria Inês Moreira Figueiredo Dias, Carla Susana Correia Pereira, Alexandra PlácidoDeadline: 30 September 2025
Topic in
Analytica, Antioxidants, Applied Sciences, Molecules, Separations, Marine Drugs, Pharmaceuticals
New Analytical Methods in Plant Active Components Analysis
Topic Editors: Filomena Lelario, Giuliana Bianco, Radosław KowalskiDeadline: 31 October 2025
Topic in
Agrochemicals, Agronomy, Insects, IJMS, Marine Drugs, Toxins, Agriculture, Biology
Research on Natural Bioactive Product-Based Pesticidal Agents—2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Min Lv, Hui XuDeadline: 28 February 2026
Topic in
Applied Biosciences, Applied Sciences, Fermentation, Marine Drugs, Microorganisms, Phycology
Microalgae: Current Trends in Basic Research and Applications
Topic Editors: Nhuan Nghiem, Tae Hyun KimDeadline: 31 March 2026

Conferences
1–30 November 2025
The 1st International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics

Special Issues
Special Issue in
Marine Drugs
Molecular Metabolisms and Regulations of Marine Algae
Guest Editors: Wenlei Wang, Haimin Chen, Wenhui GuDeadline: 31 August 2025
Special Issue in
Marine Drugs
Isolation, Identification and Applications of Marine Source Polysaccharides and Peptides—2nd Edition
Guest Editor: Lijun YouDeadline: 31 August 2025
Special Issue in
Marine Drugs
Recent Advances in Marine-Derived Pigments
Guest Editors: Laurent Picot, Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira JuniorDeadline: 31 August 2025
Special Issue in
Marine Drugs
Genome Mining and Drug Discovery of Marine and Halophilic Microorganisms
Guest Editor: Cristina Sánchez-PorroDeadline: 31 August 2025
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Marine Drugs
Bioactive Compounds from Marine Plankton
Collection Editor: Georg Pohnert
Topical Collection in
Marine Drugs
Marine Compounds and Cancer
Collection Editors: Friedemann Honecker, Sergey A. Dyshlovoy
Topical Collection in
Marine Drugs
Marine Drugs in the Management of Metabolic Diseases
Collection Editor: Ralph Urbatzka