Journal Description
Marine Drugs
Marine Drugs
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the research, development, and production of biologically and therapeutically active compounds from the sea, published monthly online by MDPI. The Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society (ANZMBS) is affiliated with Marine Drugs and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, PubAg, MarinLit, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 1.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Journal Clusters-Pharmaceutical Science: Scientia Pharmaceutica, Marine Drugs, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy, Future Pharmacology, Pharmacoepidemiology, Drugs and Drug Candidates and Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry.
Impact Factor:
5.4 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.6 (2024)
Latest Articles
Identification of Novel Anti-Inflammatory Peptides from Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Enzymatic Hydrolysate: An Integrated In Silico Analysis and Cellular Evaluation
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(6), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24060192 - 28 May 2026
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in host defense and tissue repair; however, excessive or dysregulated inflammatory responses can lead to tissue damage and contribute to the progression of various diseases. Jellyfish-derived peptides have recently emerged as promising marine bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory
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Inflammation plays a critical role in host defense and tissue repair; however, excessive or dysregulated inflammatory responses can lead to tissue damage and contribute to the progression of various diseases. Jellyfish-derived peptides have recently emerged as promising marine bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, three candidate anti-inflammatory peptides were identified from the enzymatic hydrolysate of Nemopilema nomurai through an integrated strategy combining LC–MS/MS-based peptidomics and multi-step in silico screening. The selected peptides (DGIPGMPG, PGFHVPPP, and GPKGYPGP) were prioritized based on predicted bioactivity, non-toxicity, favorable physicochemical properties, and molecular docking with the TLR4/MD-2/LPS complex (PDB ID: 3FXI), with docking scores ranging from −8.4 to −8.3 kcal/mol. Subsequent experimental validation demonstrated that all three peptides exhibited good cytocompatibility and significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages, with GPKGYPGP showing the strongest effect. In addition, these peptides effectively reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, to varying extents. Collectively, this study identifies three novel anti-inflammatory peptides derived from jellyfish enzymatic hydrolysates and highlights their potential as promising candidates for the development of marine-derived bioactive agents targeting inflammation-related diseases.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessArticle
Floridoside as a Hinge-Targeted Inhibitor of MAPK13: Atomistic Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
by
Yang Zhong, Feng Liang, Zhongli Xiong and Zhen Liu
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(6), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24060191 - 27 May 2026
Abstract
Floridoside (2-(α-D-galactosyl)glycerol) is a compatible solute synthesized in red algae, known for its antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, the lack of target validation has limited mechanistic insights into its bioactivity. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13), a member of the p38 mitogen-activated
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Floridoside (2-(α-D-galactosyl)glycerol) is a compatible solute synthesized in red algae, known for its antioxidant, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, the lack of target validation has limited mechanistic insights into its bioactivity. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13), a member of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) family with unique structural and functional characteristics, plays an important role in respiratory tissue remodeling, tumor progression, and immune responses, making it an attractive therapeutic target. This study identifies MAPK13 as a high-affinity target of floridoside. In vitro kinase assays validated that floridoside effectively inhibits MAPK13 with a nanomolar inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 13.59 nM), significantly outperforming the classical inhibitor BIRB-796. Unbiased molecular dynamics simulations and steered molecular dynamics simulations reveal that floridoside binds within the MAPK13 hinge region via an ATP-competitive mechanism. Binding free energy analysis combined with computational alanine scanning highlight Asp-113 as a primary interaction hotspot, stabilized by persistent hydrogen bonds with Pro-108 and Met-110. Despite stable complex formation, the flexibility of the glycosidic bond and glycerol tail may limit binding persistence. Comparative simulations with 2-α-glucosylglycerol (2αGG), a stereoisomer of floridoside, demonstrate the sensitivity of MAPK13 binding to subtle structural variations. These findings elucidate the atomistic basis for floridoside’s bioactivity and establish it as a candidate natural scaffold for the design of isoform-selective p38 inhibitors.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Glycobiology)
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Open AccessReview
Manzamine-A: Unraveling the Chemical and Biological Tapestry of a Marine-Derived Drug Lead
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Xuan Wang, Hengbo Wang, Yuansai Kang, Xiaojing Tang and Linlin Ma
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(6), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24060190 - 26 May 2026
Abstract
Manzamine-A (MA), a complex β-carboline alkaloid isolated from various genera of marine sponges, has attracted significant attention due to its unique structure and broad spectrum of potent biological activities. Despite the therapeutic potential, its development is limited by challenging natural supply and suboptimal
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Manzamine-A (MA), a complex β-carboline alkaloid isolated from various genera of marine sponges, has attracted significant attention due to its unique structure and broad spectrum of potent biological activities. Despite the therapeutic potential, its development is limited by challenging natural supply and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. To address these barriers, innovative total syntheses of its intricate polycyclic framework have been achieved, enabling the development of semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues aimed at improving potency and drug-like properties. This review comprehensively outlines the progress in understanding this marine natural product, mainly focusing on its microbial origin, biological activities, pharmacokinetic behavior, chemical synthesis, and derivatives’ and analogues’ development. By integrating these diverse yet interconnected fields of research, this review bridges the critical gap between the natural product’s discovery and its clinical translation. Additionally, it also provides a roadmap for future drug development, highlighting how interdisciplinary collaboration can unlock the therapeutic potential of MA as a viable clinical candidate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Potential of Marine Natural Products, 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
GV-971 Ameliorates Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression-like Phenotypes Accompanied by Reshaping of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
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Zhuandi He, Yali Nie, Changcai Li, Guangqiang Sun, Wei Zheng, Hongchun Liu, Meiyu Geng, Jingwei Tian and Yu Zhang
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24060189 - 24 May 2026
Abstract
Depression is increasingly linked to microbiota–gut–brain axis dysfunction, yet current monoaminergic antidepressants show limited efficacy. This study investigated the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of GV-971, a marine-derived oligosaccharide, in a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. We first established that 8 h
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Depression is increasingly linked to microbiota–gut–brain axis dysfunction, yet current monoaminergic antidepressants show limited efficacy. This study investigated the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of GV-971, a marine-derived oligosaccharide, in a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model. We first established that 8 h of daily restraint for 4–8 weeks induces a stable depression-like phenotype characterized by behavioral despair and significant reduction in peripheral monoamine neurotransmitters (5-HT and norepinephrine). GV-971 treatment robustly attenuated CRS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, restored hippocampal serotonin levels, reduced elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations, and ameliorated CRS-induced adrenal cortical hyperplasia. Mechanistically, GV-971 significantly suppressed neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglial hyperactivation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Concurrently, it repaired intestinal barrier dysfunction, evidenced by reduced permeability, restored mucosal integrity, and recovered goblet cell numbers. Crucially, integrated shot-gun metagenomics and plasma metabolomics revealed that GV-971 not only reshaped microbial taxonomy but also functionally recalibrated the gut ecosystem. It enriched beneficial taxa (e.g., Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bacteroides uniformis) and specific metabolic pathways, leading to increased short-chain fatty acids (valeric and caproic acids) and a significant reduction in plasma levels of tryptophan–kynurenine pathway metabolites, specifically the neurotoxic compounds kynurenine and quinolinic acid. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from GV-971-treated donors partially recapitulated the antidepressant and gut-protective effects in CRS recipients, confirming a causal role for the remodeled microbiota. Collectively, GV-971 exerts antidepressant effects by coordinately remodeling the gut microbiota, normalizing tryptophan and SCFA metabolism, restoring gut barrier integrity, and dampening central neuroinflammation, supporting its potential as a novel gut–brain axis-targeted therapy for depression.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Marine Natural Products in Brain Health and Metabolic Diseases, 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Ether Phosphatidylserine from Soft Coral Sclerophytum heterospiculatum Reveals Antioxidant Activity and Modulates Lipid Composition in LPS-Activated Human Microglial HMC-3 Cells
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Elena T. Bizikashvili, Arina I. Ponomarenko, Ekaterina V. Ermolenko and Igor V. Manzhulo
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24060188 - 23 May 2026
Abstract
Ether phospholipids from marine organisms represent an understudied class of bioactive lipids with unique structural features. In this study, we isolated, for the first time, an ether phosphatidylserine (ePS) species from the soft coral Sclerophytum heterospiculatum and assessed its biological activity on human
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Ether phospholipids from marine organisms represent an understudied class of bioactive lipids with unique structural features. In this study, we isolated, for the first time, an ether phosphatidylserine (ePS) species from the soft coral Sclerophytum heterospiculatum and assessed its biological activity on human microglial clone 3 (HMC-3) cells. The isolated ePS contained an ether bond at the sn-1 position and very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (24:5) at the sn-2 position. Using an MTS assay, we demonstrated that ePS was non-cytotoxic at all tested concentrations (0.39–100 μg/mL) and even increased microglial proliferation at 50–100 μg/mL. In microglial cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS-activated), ePS significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA). A lipidomic analysis by HPLC–MS/MS revealed that ePS modulated the membrane lipid composition of microglial cells, increasing the content of polyunsaturated phosphatidylserines (PS 36:3, PS 40:5) and decreasing the levels of phosphatidylinositols (PI 18:1/20:4; PI 18:0/20:4, 18:1/20:3). Furthermore, a fatty acid analysis showed that ePS prevented LPS-induced accumulation of saturated fatty acids and preserved PUFA levels in HMC-3 cells. These findings suggest that marine-derived ePS can be considered as promising agents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessArticle
Equinatoxin II: How a Cationic Pore-Forming Sea Anemone Toxin Drives Nodal Swelling of Myelinated Nerve Fibers
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Evelyne Benoit, Robert Frangež, Gilles Ouanounou, Frédéric A. Meunier, Dusan Šuput and Jordi Molgó
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050187 - 21 May 2026
Abstract
This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism underpinning the nodal swelling induced by equinatoxin II (EqtII), a cation-selective pore-forming toxin derived from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Experiments were conducted using frog myelinated nerve fibers as a model system. Application of
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This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism underpinning the nodal swelling induced by equinatoxin II (EqtII), a cation-selective pore-forming toxin derived from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Experiments were conducted using frog myelinated nerve fibers as a model system. Application of EqtII led to an approximately two-fold increase in the nodal volume of myelinated axons, but only when extracellular Ca2+ was present. Replacing extracellular Cl− with isethionate had no measurable effect on this response, whereas substitution of NaCl with either sucrose or LiCl, an established Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitor, abolished the swelling. The persistence of the effect in the presence of tetrodotoxin indicates that voltage-gated Na+ channels are not involved in the underlying mechanism. Our data suggest that Ca2+ influx through EqtII-induced membrane pores raises intracellular Ca2+ levels, thereby stimulating the NCX in its forward-operating mode. This process promotes Ca2+ extrusion in exchange for Na+ entry. The resulting accumulation of intracellular Na+ increases osmotic pressure within the axon, leading to water influx and nodal swelling.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotoxins, 4th Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Fucoidan Oligosaccharides from Kjellmaniella crassifolia Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating the TLR4 and NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Modulating Gut Microbiota
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Zhiying Xu, Zheyu Jia, Liu Li, Feiyan Zeng, Jiyan Sun, Yichao Ma, Wenzheng Shi, Shu Liu, Yunhai He, Qiukuan Wang and Dandan Ren
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050186 - 21 May 2026
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is marked by severe abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal bleeding, and diarrhea. This study successfully isolated and purified four low-molecular-weight fucoidan oligosaccharides through acid hydrolysis and Bio Gel P10 gel filtration.
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Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is marked by severe abdominal pain, weight loss, perianal bleeding, and diarrhea. This study successfully isolated and purified four low-molecular-weight fucoidan oligosaccharides through acid hydrolysis and Bio Gel P10 gel filtration. The molecular weights were 2.9 × 104–1.36 × 105 Da, 182–1012 Da, 161–939 Da and 161–939 Da, respectively. A mouse model of colitis was induced using Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS). The results indicated that fucoidan and fucoidan oligosaccharides could ameliorate murine ulcerative colitis, with the oligosaccharides (200 mg/kg/d) demonstrating superior therapeutic effects. This superiority was likely attributed to the lower molecular weight and higher content of total sugars and fucose. The primary mechanisms involved the modulation of gene and protein expression levels associated with the Toll-like receptor 4, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, p65, and Inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells, alpha (TLR4, MYD88, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α) signaling pathways, which reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin-1 beta and Interleukin-6 (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Additionally, these oligosaccharides alleviated oxidative stress, enhanced the levels of intestinal barrier proteins (Claudin family member 4 and Zonula occludens protein 1), regulated the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota, and increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine. It is worth emphasizing that this study can only demonstrate that fucoidan oligosaccharides have a mitigating effect on intestinal inflammation in mice. Further research is needed in the future to investigate the structure–activity relationship of fucoidan oligosaccharides and their impact on human intestinal microbiota, in order to further elucidate their anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessReview
Algae-Derived Bioactives Reprogram the Gut–SIRT1–Kisspeptin Axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Arifa Mustika, Era Gorica, Dante Saksono Harbuwono, Eighty Mardiyan Kurniawati, Edwin Hadinata, Amal Arifi Hidayat, Salmon Charles Pardomuan Tua Siahaan, Hendy Hendarto, Antonello Santini and Fahrul Nurkolis
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050185 - 20 May 2026
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a complex, multi-system disorder involving interactions among metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and neuroendocrine dysregulation, rather than a condition confined to the ovary. While current management strategies primarily target symptomatic manifestations, such as menstrual irregularity,
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is increasingly recognized as a complex, multi-system disorder involving interactions among metabolic dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, and neuroendocrine dysregulation, rather than a condition confined to the ovary. While current management strategies primarily target symptomatic manifestations, such as menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance, they do not directly address the underlying integrative pathways linking the gut microbiome, cellular energy sensing, and hypothalamic reproductive control. This review proposes a mechanistic framework in which algae-derived bioactives modulate a gut–SIRT1–kisspeptin axis, thereby offering a systems-level perspective on PCOS pathophysiology and intervention. Gut dysbiosis in PCOS contributes to altered bile acid signaling, disrupted microbial metabolite profiles, and increased inflammatory tone, all of which may impair both metabolic and reproductive functions. Concurrently, reduced activity of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 has been documented across ovarian, endometrial, and metabolic tissues, linking energy imbalance to oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired steroidogenesis. At the neuroendocrine level, dysregulated kisspeptin signaling contributes to abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatility and luteinizing hormone hypersecretion, key features of PCOS. Algae-derived compounds, including polysaccharides, phlorotannins, fucoidan, fucoxanthin, and microalgae bioactives, exhibit prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties that intersect with these pathways, particularly through modulation of gut microbiota and activation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling. The central proposition of this review is that algae-derived bioactives may act across interconnected biological layers: reshaping gut microbial ecology, restoring SIRT1-mediated metabolic balance, and retuning kisspeptin-driven neuroendocrine activity. While individual components of this axis are supported by substantial evidence, direct experimental validation of the complete pathway remains limited. Therefore, this framework is positioned as a translationally grounded but hypothesis-driven model that integrates currently fragmented findings into a coherent and testable paradigm. Future research should prioritize multi-level experimental and clinical studies that simultaneously assess microbiota composition, metabolic signaling, and reproductive neuroendocrine outcomes to establish the therapeutic potential of algae-based interventions in PCOS.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Components from Algae: Extraction, Characterization and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing the Recovery of Antioxidant Compounds from Microalgae-Cyanobacteria Consortia Through Alcalase Hydrolysis: A Focus on Bioactive Peptides
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Blanca Pardo de Donlebún, Rocío del Álamo, Pilar Águila-Carricondo, Juan Pablo de la Roche, Pilar Gómez-Cortés and Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050184 - 20 May 2026
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria represent an emerging and sustainable source of bioactive compounds for the food, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. In this study, the potential of two microalgae-cyanobacteria consortia, consortium 1 (C1) consisting of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis, and consortium 2 (C2)
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Microalgae and cyanobacteria represent an emerging and sustainable source of bioactive compounds for the food, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. In this study, the potential of two microalgae-cyanobacteria consortia, consortium 1 (C1) consisting of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis, and consortium 2 (C2) consisting of Kamptonema sp., Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis suecica, and Chlorella vulgaris, as a source of bioactive peptides was evaluated. Firstly, protein extraction from both biomasses was optimized by testing different protein solubilization and precipitation pHs, with pH 10 and pH 5 providing the best results in terms of protein recovery in both cases. Selected protein extracts, with protein contents of 28.50 ± 2.69% (C1) and 8.46 ± 0.45% (C2), were further hydrolyzed with Alcalase, evaluating the impact of the incubation time on peptide release and the antioxidant capacity of hydrolysates. A total of 1 h of hydrolysis proved to be enough for antioxidant capacity increase. In addition, in silico hydrolysis of the proteins identified with Alcalase in C1 and C2 (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD077201 and PXD077149 for C1 and C2, respectively) was evaluated, assessing the potential bioactivity of the peptides produced, more specifically their antioxidant capacity. Our findings demonstrate that both microalgae-cyanobacteria consortia are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity, with potential interest as functional ingredients for the food, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Gold: Microalgae as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds)
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Formulation-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity and Plant Compatibility of Chitosan-Based Silver Nanoparticles
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Ahmed Hosney, Neringa Matelionienė, Donata Drapanauskaitė, Sana Ullah and Karolina Barčauskaitė
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050183 - 19 May 2026
Abstract
Chitosan-based silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs) are emerging as promising antimicrobial materials with potential applications in crop protection. This study evaluated the formulation-dependent antimicrobial activity and plant compatibility of Ch-AgNPs synthesized from chitosan extracted via different routes from shrimp shells. Antibacterial activity was assessed against
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Chitosan-based silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs) are emerging as promising antimicrobial materials with potential applications in crop protection. This study evaluated the formulation-dependent antimicrobial activity and plant compatibility of Ch-AgNPs synthesized from chitosan extracted via different routes from shrimp shells. Antibacterial activity was assessed against representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive model bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), as well as phytopathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas syringae), using disk diffusion assays. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in a controlled growth chamber. All formulations exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with L10 and L20 formulations derived from optimized lactic acid-based extraction routes and DP4 derived from an inorganic deproteinization-based extraction route showing the highest efficacy at 1.0 mg/mL. Strong antifungal activity was observed, particularly for L10 and DP4, achieving mycelial growth inhibition of 92% and 84%, respectively, at 1.0 mg/mL. Seed germination and seedling growth assays confirmed that all formulations were non-phytotoxic at 1.0 mg/mL, with L10 and DP4 significantly enhancing germination parameters and early plant growth. Under controlled conditions, these formulations also reduced the incidence and severity of crown and root rot in spring wheat caused by F. graminearum. These findings demonstrate that optimized Ch-AgNP formulations combine antimicrobial activity with plant compatibility, highlighting their potential for crop protection, pending further environmental safety and agronomic validation under field conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Chitin and Chitosan: From Extraction to Applications)
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From Sea to Cell: Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extracts Attenuate NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation and Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity—A Comprehensive Analysis Applying In Vitro and In Vivo Models
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Lea Karlsberger, Nadiia Sadova, Mara Heckmann, Fanny Serenius, Annika Meinander, Julia Kirchsteiger, Alice König, Bettina Schwarzinger, Bernhard Blank-Landeshammer, Stephanie Ladirat and Julian Weghuber
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050182 - 19 May 2026
Abstract
The restriction of antimicrobial growth promoters in livestock production has intensified the search for nutritional strategies that support intestinal health while modulating inflammatory processes. Chronic or dysregulated inflammation can impair gut function and animal performance, highlighting the need for functional feed additives. Brown
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The restriction of antimicrobial growth promoters in livestock production has intensified the search for nutritional strategies that support intestinal health while modulating inflammatory processes. Chronic or dysregulated inflammation can impair gut function and animal performance, highlighting the need for functional feed additives. Brown macroalgae are rich in bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory properties, though their mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective effects of aqueous extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) and Fucus vesiculosus (FV) were investigated using complementary in vitro and in vivo models. Extracts were prepared by aqueous solid–liquid extraction and tested in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and THP-1 macrophages, HEK-Blue TLR4 reporter cells, and Drosophila melanogaster models of intestinal inflammation and infection. Both extracts significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. In THP-1 macrophages, AN and FV attenuated secretion of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-33, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL7. Reporter assays demonstrated selective inhibition of TLR4-dependent NF-κB activation. In Drosophila melanogaster, supplementation reduced intestinal barrier disruption, mortality, and infection-induced immune activation. Overall, AN and FV attenuate inflammatory signaling and protect intestinal integrity via TLR4-dependent NF-κB inhibition, supporting their potential as functional feed additives to enhance gut health and resilience in livestock.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Natural Products Against Inflammatory-Based Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Receptor Binding, Functional Activity, and Cell Viability Assessment of Novel Marine-Based Hybrid Peptides from Raja porosa
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Marta Bauer, Łukasz Szeleszczuk, Bharath Kumar Velmurugan, Shang-Lun Chiang, Anna K. Laskowska, Dariusz M. Pisklak, Edina Szűcs, Dávid Gombos, Wojciech Kamysz, Tamás Fehér, Natalia Pielaszkiewicz, Krystian Małek and Patrycja Kleczkowska
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050181 - 16 May 2026
Abstract
The hybrid approach remains a compelling strategy for designing molecules that combine enhanced biological activity with a favorable safety profile. Marine peptides, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their well-documented broad spectrum of biological activities. Peptides derived from rays have been
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The hybrid approach remains a compelling strategy for designing molecules that combine enhanced biological activity with a favorable safety profile. Marine peptides, in particular, have attracted significant attention due to their well-documented broad spectrum of biological activities. Peptides derived from rays have been recognized for their diverse biological activities. Notably, physicochemical properties of these peptides support practical application without requiring further refinement of the mature molecule or specialized formulations. In this study, we present two new chimeric peptides, PK01# and PK02#, which incorporate an opioid pharmacophore linked to a short amino acid sequence derived from the skate Raja porosa. Those compounds interact with the opioidergic system, specifically targeting the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Furthermore, the compounds were evaluated for their effects on cancer cell viability through in vitro MTT assays (as an exploratory endpoint) and for their binding compatibility with EGFR via in silico docking. Both compounds showed limited effects on cell viability in HeLa, SAS, and PANC-1 cells, while PK02# induced a minor reduction in metabolic activity in glioblastoma cells without reaching IC50 values or significant cytotoxic thresholds. Interestingly, the structures of these hybrid compounds offer valuable insights into the role of phenylalanine residues within their sequences, which appear to be critical for both biological activity and receptor interaction. Moreover, these findings may support future structural optimization of peptide hybrids focused on receptor modulation and biological profiling.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Marine Compounds and Cancer)
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Open AccessArticle
Identification, Screening and Mechanism Analysis of Anti-Parkinson’s Disease Peptides from Rapana venosa Protein Hydrolysates
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Qingzhong Wang, Shuqin Shao, Yizhuo Wang, Wenshuai Fan, Zilong Wang, Xuchang Liu, Kechun Liu and Shanshan Zhang
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050180 - 15 May 2026
Abstract
At present, there is still a lack of effective treatments to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Naturally derived active substances, valued for their safety and multi-target potential, have become an important direction in anti-PD drug development, with marine organisms representing a valuable
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At present, there is still a lack of effective treatments to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease. Naturally derived active substances, valued for their safety and multi-target potential, have become an important direction in anti-PD drug development, with marine organisms representing a valuable source of bioactive peptides. This study aimed to isolate and identify anti-PD peptides from Rapana venosa protein hydrolysates. Through bioactivity-guided screening combined with an MPTP-induced zebrafish PD model, three novel active peptides—KSTELLI, FLVKLPMFM, and SDSLSEILIS—were successfully identified. The study showed that these peptides significantly alleviated dopaminergic neuron loss, improved the cerebral vascular system, restored motor and sensory function, and alleviated oxidative stress. Molecular docking confirmed their stable binding to key PD targets (DDC, α-synuclein, and MAO-B). Further transcriptomic and gene expression analyses revealed that their neuroprotective effects involve the regulation of pathways related to metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, with the three peptides exhibiting distinct mechanistic emphases. The research demonstrates that these marine-derived peptides exert neuroprotective effects through a synergistic multi-target mechanism, laying a foundation for the development of novel lead compounds against Parkinson’s disease.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Proteins: Biological Activities and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Laminaran Attenuates NaCl-Induced Cytotoxicity via ROS Scavenging and Prevents Alteration of Cellular Elastic Modulus
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Hiromi Kurokawa, Atsushi Taninaka, Hirofumi Matsui, Hidemi Shigekawa, Yutaka Kuroki and Makoto M. Watanabe
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050179 - 15 May 2026
Abstract
Salt is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and transmission of nerve impulses. However, excessive salt intake (especially NaCl) causes hypertension and neoplasms and is associated with neoplasms, including esophageal and gastric cancer. High concentrations of NaCl enhances intracellular reactive oxygen species
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Salt is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and transmission of nerve impulses. However, excessive salt intake (especially NaCl) causes hypertension and neoplasms and is associated with neoplasms, including esophageal and gastric cancer. High concentrations of NaCl enhances intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, especially that of superoxide anions (O2−), and induces injury to rat gastric mucosal cells (RGM1). In contrast, cells overexpressing manganese superoxide dismutase exhibit attenuated NaCl-induced cytotoxicity. Therefore, antioxidants can reduce the risk of salt-induced gastric mucosal injury. NaCl also affects the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and lamellipodia, and potentially modulates the cellular elastic modulus. In this study, we aimed to determine the possibility of cellular physiological changes by NaCl treatment and the effect of antioxidant laminaran in attenuating NaCl-derived cytotoxicity. Our in vitro assay revealed that laminaran attenuated NaCl-induced cytotoxicity and reduced intracellular ROS production caused by NaCl exposure. Laminaran upregulated antioxidant enzyme expression, suggesting that the observed reduction in ROS was mediated, at least in part, by the activation of these enzymes. Moreover, apoptosis derived from NaCl was inhibited by laminaran. NaCl also induced changes in lamellipodia formation; however, laminaran suppressed this formation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Content, Biologically Active Compounds, and Correlated Health Impacts of Seaweed as a Resource for Nutraceutical, Cosmetic, and Pharmaceutical Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Valorization of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Processing By-Products: High-Value Functional Food Ingredients for Skin Health
by
Wook-Chul Kim, Yun-Su Lee, Seo-Rin Jung, Sun Young Park, Hyun Jung Yun, Jae-Young Oh and Seung-Hong Lee
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050178 - 14 May 2026
Abstract
The strategic recycling of fish processing byproducts as functional materials has attracted increasing attention for sustainable development and human health. In this study, we investigated the dermatological impact of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) byproduct enzyme hydrolysates (OKPE) administered as a dietary
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The strategic recycling of fish processing byproducts as functional materials has attracted increasing attention for sustainable development and human health. In this study, we investigated the dermatological impact of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) byproduct enzyme hydrolysates (OKPE) administered as a dietary supplement in mice. After eight weeks of OKPE administration, epidermal integrity was improved, as evidenced by a significant attenuation of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). These phenotypic improvements were associated with the regulation of aquaporin-mediated water transport, hyaluronan metabolism, and epidermal differentiation programs. Furthermore, OKPE intake promoted accelerated collagen biosynthesis. Amino acid profiling revealed that OKPE is uniquely enriched in residues essential for both natural moisturizing factor (NMF) synthesis and collagenous scaffold formation. Collectively, these findings suggest that OKPE has potential as a functional food ingredient for reinforcing the skin barrier and improving skin hydration.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bioactive Substances: From By-Products to Innovative Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
P-Selectin Inhibition and the Structure–Activity Relationship of Sea Cucumber-Derived Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides
by
Sujuan Li, Lisha Lin, Lian Yang, Ying Pan, Na Gao, Ronghua Yin, Chunyu Zeng and Jinhua Zhao
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050177 - 14 May 2026
Abstract
The selectin family constitutes a well-known class of immune-regulatory molecules, among which P-selectin has emerged as a therapeutic target for inflammatory thrombotic diseases due to its capacity to mediate the adhesion between multiple immune cell subsets and endothelial cells. Currently, small-molecule or glycomimetic
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The selectin family constitutes a well-known class of immune-regulatory molecules, among which P-selectin has emerged as a therapeutic target for inflammatory thrombotic diseases due to its capacity to mediate the adhesion between multiple immune cell subsets and endothelial cells. Currently, small-molecule or glycomimetic inhibitors targeting P-selectin have stalled in Phase III clinical trials, with a common limitation being their weak binding affinity to P-selectin. In this study, in vitro competitive binding assays were employed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of structurally distinct fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG) oligosaccharides, derived from sea cucumbers, on the interaction between P-selectin and its ligands. A potent inhibitor, the nonasaccharide Ta-9-2 (featuring a novel disaccharide side chain), was identified. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis further confirmed its high binding affinity to P-selectin, with a KD of 83.92 nM. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis reveals that the appropriate glycan chain length, the novel disaccharide side chain (Gal4S6S-α1,2-L-Fuc3S-α1,3), and the favorable sulfation pattern (Fuc2S4S) serve as the molecular basis for potent P-selectin inhibition. This study provides a robust theoretical foundation for the structural optimization of glycomimetic targeting P-selectin, while also offering a new opportunity for the development of high-efficacy drug candidates.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessArticle
Sodium Alginate Hydrogel with Zinc Ion Nanoparticles for Synergistic Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injury
by
Chuanxi Chi, Tianshun Ding, Xinping Han, Zongyu Wang, Qilong Cao, Liang Liu and Liming Li
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050176 - 13 May 2026
Abstract
The current lack of effective treatments for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a significant challenge in managing the complex microenvironmental alterations that follow the initial trauma. This study developed an injectable alginate hydrogel dynamically cross-linked by tannic acid–zinc nanoparticles (TA@Zn NPs), which
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The current lack of effective treatments for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a significant challenge in managing the complex microenvironmental alterations that follow the initial trauma. This study developed an injectable alginate hydrogel dynamically cross-linked by tannic acid–zinc nanoparticles (TA@Zn NPs), which exerts neuroprotective effects through the sustained release of zinc ions (Zn2+) and antioxidant TA@Zn NPs. TA@Zn NPs were cross-linked with phenylboronic acid-modified sodium alginate (SA) to form an injectable gel system. In response to the acidic and ROS-rich microenvironment characteristic of SCI, the hydrogel undergoes degradation, thereby triggering the disintegration of TA@Zn NPs and the concomitant release of Zn2+, enabling sustained therapeutic delivery. In a rat model of contusion injury, the degradation of TA@Zn NPs and the sustained release of Zn2+ significantly reduced oxidative damage and promoted axonal regeneration, which in turn inhibited scar formation and enhanced the tissue’s antioxidant capacity. Consequently, the group treated with the Zn2+-releasing hydrogel exhibited significant recovery of motor function. Collectively, these results validate the dual-function integration of Zn2+ as a dynamic cross-linker and neuroprotective agent within injectable hydrogels as a robust strategy for SCI repair, presenting a clinically translatable paradigm for neural regeneration.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessArticle
Marine-Derived Neoagarotetraose Alleviates Dry Eye Disease by Suppressing Inflammation and Apoptosis in a Murine Model
by
Nan Wu, Yating Du, Chaocheng Wu, Zhuhua Chan and Runying Zeng
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050175 - 12 May 2026
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, chronic inflammation, and epithelial damage, for which current treatments remain limited. Marine-derived bioactive oligosaccharides have attracted increasing interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities and favorable safety profiles.
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Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, chronic inflammation, and epithelial damage, for which current treatments remain limited. Marine-derived bioactive oligosaccharides have attracted increasing interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities and favorable safety profiles. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of neoagarotetraose (NA4), a marine oligosaccharide derived from red algal agar, in a murine model of DED. DED was induced in eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice by topical instillation of 0.2% benzalkonium chloride for seven consecutive days. NA4 was administered topically at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/L. Therapeutic outcomes were evaluated by tear secretion, corneal fluorescein staining, histopathological analysis, immunofluorescence staining for Ki67, F4/80, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, TUNEL assay for apoptosis, and ELISA for cytokine levels. NA4 treatment significantly improved tear secretion and reduced corneal fluorescein staining scores. Histological analysis revealed that NA4 preserved corneal epithelial thickness and restored conjunctival goblet cell density. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that NA4 reversed inflammation-associated epithelial hyperproliferation and attenuated macrophage infiltration. Moreover, NA4 markedly suppressed the expression and tissue levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and attenuated corneal epithelial apoptosis, with the 500 mg/L NA4 group showing no significant difference in efficacy compared to the positive control 0.1% sodium hyaluronate. These findings demonstrate that NA4, a marine-derived oligosaccharide, exerts multi-targeted protective effects against DED by improving tear film stability, preserving ocular surface integrity, suppressing inflammation, and reducing apoptosis. Our study highlights the potential of marine oligosaccharides such as NA4 as promising candidates for ocular surface disease management and supports the further exploration of marine resources for ophthalmic therapeutic applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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Open AccessArticle
Antidiabetic Effects of Ecklonia cava and Dieckol via DPP-IV Inhibition and Glucose Transport Regulation
by
Indyaswan T. Suryaningtyas, Nabila Shafura, Ratih Pangestuti, Won-Kyo Jung and Jae-Young Je
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050174 - 12 May 2026
Abstract
Brown seaweeds are recognized for their rich content of phlorotannins with promising antidiabetic properties through multi-targeted modulation of glucose metabolism. This study investigated the antidiabetic potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ecklonia cava (EC-ETAC) and its major phlorotannin, dieckol, focusing on inhibition
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Brown seaweeds are recognized for their rich content of phlorotannins with promising antidiabetic properties through multi-targeted modulation of glucose metabolism. This study investigated the antidiabetic potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ecklonia cava (EC-ETAC) and its major phlorotannin, dieckol, focusing on inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, intestinal glucose absorption, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) activity, and hepatic glucose metabolism. EC-ETAC potently inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 2.2 ± 0.2 µg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 41.0 ± 1.2 µg/mL), outperforming acarbose by 26-fold and 6-fold, respectively. Pure dieckol showed strong activity with IC50 values of 2.213 ± 0.04 µM (α-glucosidase) and 156.87 ± 0.124 µM (α-amylase). In differentiated Caco-2 cells, both EC-ETAC and dieckol downregulated SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression to ~0.5-fold of control and suppressed 2-NBDG glucose uptake by 46–53% over 120 min, effects not seen with acarbose. Dieckol inhibited DPP-IV activity (IC50 = 12.12 ± 0.021 µM), reducing in situ activity to 53.89% at 25 µM without changing DPP-IV protein levels. Molecular docking revealed high-affinity binding of dieckol to DPP-IV (−10.396 kcal/mol), directly occluding the catalytic triad (Ser630, His740). In insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, dieckol restored glucose uptake to 108.97% of control via AMPK activation (1.21-fold), GLUT2 normalization (0.84-fold), and PGC-1α recalibration (0.96-fold), matching or surpassing 1 mM metformin. These results demonstrate dual-inhibition mechanism combined with hepatic AMPK restoration, establishing dieckol as a promising marine-derived multi-targeted agent for T2DM management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Compounds in Metabolic Regulation and Chronic Disease)
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Open AccessReview
Marine Natural Products as Potent Anticancer Agents (2020–2024): Structural Diversity, SARs and Target Prediction
by
Zimeng Huang, Yijing Du, Junzhe Hu, Leyi Ying, Binying Zhou, Yi Hua, Hong Wang and Zhikun Yang
Mar. Drugs 2026, 24(5), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/md24050173 - 10 May 2026
Abstract
In recent years, Marine Natural Products (MNPs) have emerged as a significant source for anticancer drug discovery, as many natural products can offer structural diversity, unique mechanisms of action, and relatively low toxicity. This article provides a systematic review of MNPs with reported
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In recent years, Marine Natural Products (MNPs) have emerged as a significant source for anticancer drug discovery, as many natural products can offer structural diversity, unique mechanisms of action, and relatively low toxicity. This article provides a systematic review of MNPs with reported anticancer activities from 2020 to 2024. These compounds are classified into seven major categories: terpenoids, alkaloids, sterols, polyketides, peptides and proteins, polysaccharides, and macrolides. For each category, we elaborate on the marine sources, structural identification, in vitro anticancer activity, and preliminary structure–activity relationships. We found that sponges and marine-derived fungi are the most abundant sources of highly active compounds. Furthermore, knowledge graph-based analysis reveals that oxygen- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles constitute the core pharmacophores, and target prediction further indicates that MNPs exert anticancer effects through coordinated modulation of a multi-target network involving kinases, proteasomes, and nuclear receptors. This review contributes significantly to a deeper understanding of recent advances (2020–2024) in MNPs and provides critical guidance for promoting the development of innovative anticancer drugs derived from marine resources.
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(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pharmacology)
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