The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Univariate Analysis of Future Anxiety
3.3. Hierarchical Linear Regression Modelling of Future Anxiety
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Decidedly Wrong | Wrong | Rather Wrong | Difficult to Say | Rather True | True | Decidedly True |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I am afraid that the problems which trouble me now will continue for a long time. | 6.8 (68) | 7.5 (75) | 11.9 (119) | 36.9 (370) | 21.5 (215) | 9.3 (93) | 6.2 (62) |
I am terrified by the thought that I might sometimes face life’s crises or difficulties. | 6.1 (61) | 6.8 (68) | 11.6 (116) | 25 (250) | 26.2 (263) | 14.9 (149) | 9.5 (95) |
I am afraid that in the future my life will change for the worse. | 6.4 (64) | 6.3 (63) | 11.2 (112) | 24.7 (247) | 25.0 (250) | 16.3 (163) | 10.3 (103) |
I am afraid that changes in the economic and political situation will threaten my future. | 4.5 (45) | 6 (60) | 8.1 (81) | 23.4 (234) | 27.4 (275) | 18.1 (181) | 12.6 (126) |
I am disturbed by the thought that in the future I won’t be able to realise my goals. | 4.4 (44) | 6.8 (68) | 8.2 (82) | 23.4 (234) | 27.1 (272) | 18.5 (185) | 11.7 (117) |
FASS | HL | eHL | PHTC19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HL | −0.21 ** | |||
eHL | 0.01 | 0.40 ** | ||
PHTC19 | 0.24 ** | 0.01 | 0.11 ** | |
CCBS | 0.08 * | −0.03 | 0.10 * | −0.26 ** |
Variable | B | SE | β | LL | UL | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sex | men vs. women | −1.62 | 0.40 | −0.13 | −2.41 | −0.83 | <0.001 |
age | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.97 | |
education | upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary | ref. | |||||
lower than upper secondary | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.00 | −0.99 | 1.13 | 0.90 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 1.16 | 0.69 | 0.06 | −0.19 | 2.51 | 0.091 | |
Master’s degree or higher | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.01 | −0.90 | 1.19 | 0.79 | |
income | 1.500–3.000 PLN | ref. | |||||
≤1.500 PLN | 0.99 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.98 | 0.048 | |
>3.000 PLN | −0.51 | 0.57 | −0.03 | −1.63 | 0.61 | 0.37 | |
refused to disclose | −0.50 | 0.64 | −0.03 | −1.77 | 0.76 | 0.44 | |
marital status | married | ref. | |||||
single | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.03 | −0.48 | 1.28 | 0.37 | |
widowed or divorced or in separation | 0.25 | 0.60 | 0.01 | −0.93 | 1.43 | 0.68 | |
vocational status | employee of public or private sector | ref. | |||||
self-employed or farmer | −1.56 | 0.62 | −0.08 | −2.78 | −0.34 | 0.012 | |
on a disability pension or retired | −0.34 | 0.72 | −0.02 | −1.75 | 1.07 | 0.64 | |
University or school student | 0.04 | 0.70 | 0.00 | −1.34 | 1.42 | 0.95 | |
vocationally inactive incl. unemployed | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.05 | −0.32 | 1.82 | 0.17 | |
place of residence | rural | ref. | |||||
<20,000 | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.01 | −1.24 | 1.51 | 0.85 | |
20,000–200,000 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.02 | −0.73 | 1.23 | 0.62 | |
>200,000 | 0.18 | 0.55 | 0.01 | −0.89 | 1.26 | 0.74 | |
HL | −0.43 | 0.06 | −0.22 | −0.54 | −0.31 | <0.001 | |
eHL | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.08 | 0.97 | |
PHTC19 | 1.32 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.99 | 1.64 | <0.001 | |
CCBS | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.010 |
Variable | Response Options | Model No. 1 | Model No. 2 | Model No. 3 | Model No. 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | B (SE) | β | p | ||
sex 1 | −1.43 (0.42) | −0.11 | 0.001 | −1.5 (0.41) | −0.12 | <0.001 | −1.34 (0.4) | −0.11 | 0.001 | −1.28 (0.39) | −0.10 | 0.001 | |
income 2 | 1500–3000 PLN | −0.86 (0.52) | −0.07 | 0.099 | −0.86 (0.51) | −0.07 | 0.089 | −0.87 (0.49) | −0.07 | 0.078 | −0.71 (0.49) | −0.05 | 0.14 |
>3000 PLN | −0.86 (0.66) | −0.05 | 0.19 | −0.97 (0.64) | −0.06 | 0.13 | −1.1 (0.62) | −0.07 | 0.075 | −1.00 (0.61) | −0.06 | 0.10 | |
refused to reveal | −1.41 (0.72) | −0.07 | 0.051 | −1.45 (0.70) | −0.07 | 0.039 | −1.39 (0.68) | −0.07 | 0.042 | −1.27 (0.67) | −0.06 | 0.059 | |
vocational status 3 | entrepreneur or farmer | −1.66 (0.64) | −0.09 | 0.010 | −1.9 (0.63) | −0.1 | 0.002 | −1.62 (0.61) | −0.09 | 0.008 | −1.55 (0.6) | −0.08 | 0.010 |
on a disability pension or retired | −0.62 (0.75) | −0.03 | 0.41 | −0.44 (0.73) | −0.02 | 0.55 | −0.5 (0.71) | −0.02 | 0.47 | −0.32 (0.7) | −0.01 | 0.64 | |
University of school student | 0.4 (0.76) | 0.02 | 0.60 | −0.14 (0.74) | −0.01 | 0.85 | 0.4 (0.72) | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.64 (0.72) | 0.03 | 0.37 | |
vocationally inactive incl. unemployed | 0.55 (0.58) | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.59 (0.56) | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.66 (0.54) | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.69 (0.54) | 0.04 | 0.20 | |
HL | −0.45 (0.06) | −0.23 | <0.001 | −0.44 (0.06) | −0.23 | <0.001 | −0.43 (0.06) | −0.22 | <0.001 | ||||
PHTC19 | 1.3 (0.16) | 0.24 | <0.001 | 1.49 (0.17) | 0.28 | <0.001 | |||||||
CCBS score | 0.33 (0.07) | 0.14 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Raw/Corrected R2 | 0.031/0.023 | 0.085/0.077 | 0.144/0.134 | 0.162/0.152 | |||||||||
F for change in R2 # | 3.791 | 55.950 | 63.936 | 20.750 | |||||||||
ANOVA test for the model-F value * | 3.781 | 9.782 | 15.785 | 16.537 |
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Duplaga, M.; Grysztar, M. The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043
Duplaga M, Grysztar M. The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2021; 9(1):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuplaga, Mariusz, and Marcin Grysztar. 2021. "The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 9, no. 1: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043
APA StyleDuplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021). The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 9(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043