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Ruminants, Volume 5, Issue 2 (June 2025) – 5 articles

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23 pages, 2192 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effect of Polyphenol Supplementation on Milk Composition and Fatty Acid of Dairy Animal: A Systematic Review
by Nur Liyana Akmal Harun, Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Anjas Asmara Samsudin, Awis Qurni Sazili and Yong-Meng Goh
Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020015 - 6 Apr 2025
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to review the supplementation of polyphenol on milk composition and milk fatty acid content in dairy animal. A systematic review of literature was carried out by using Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The PRISMA (Preferred [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to review the supplementation of polyphenol on milk composition and milk fatty acid content in dairy animal. A systematic review of literature was carried out by using Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines methodology was carried out and as a result, 21 articles were included. Results showed that polyphenol supplementation significantly affect milk saturated fatty acid content (p < 0.00001) and milk medium-chain fatty acid content (p < 0.0001). Meanwhile, polyphenol supplementation effects significantly in the subgroup of agro-industrial by-products (p < 0.05) for milk protein content, grain (p < 0.05) for milk lactose content, all the subgroup for milk saturated fatty acid content and both grain and agro-industrial by-products for milk medium-chain fatty acid content. In conclusion, milk saturated fatty acid is affected by polyphenol supplementation regardless of polyphenol sources. However, it is recommended to include more studies in future to obtained a higher heterogeneity. Full article
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27 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
Development of Equations to Predict Percentage Empty Body and Carcass Chemical Composition Adjusted for Breed Type and Sex in Growing/Finishing Cattle
by Phillip A. Lancaster
Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020014 - 2 Apr 2025
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Abstract
The estimation of body chemical composition is necessary to determine the nutrient requirements of growing/finishing cattle, but recent analyses indicate that published equations provide erroneous results when applied to diverse breed types and sexes. The objective of this analysis was to develop equations [...] Read more.
The estimation of body chemical composition is necessary to determine the nutrient requirements of growing/finishing cattle, but recent analyses indicate that published equations provide erroneous results when applied to diverse breed types and sexes. The objective of this analysis was to develop equations to estimate empty body and carcass chemical composition for different breed types and sexes. A dataset was developed from the published literature that contained 359 treatment means from 46 studies published between 1971 and 2021. Stepwise regression was used to develop prediction equations using Akaike’s Information Criteria to estimate empty body and carcass fat, protein, and ash concentrations (%). Empty body fat, protein, and ash could be predicted from combinations of empty body water, empty body fat, and empty body protein (RMSE = 1.53, 1.85, and 0.67; R2 = 0.99, 0.98, and 0.95). Breed type and sex affected the intercept and (or) slope coefficients to predict empty body fat, protein, and ash. Carcass fat, protein, and ash could be predicted from combinations of carcass water, carcass fat, and carcass protein (RMSE = 1.77, 1.62, and 0.82; R2 = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.93). Breed type and sex affected the intercept and (or) slope coefficients to predict protein and ash, but not fat. Equations adjusted for breed type and sex may be more robust than previously published equations based on a single breed or sex. Full article
13 pages, 392 KiB  
Communication
A Morphometric Analysis of the Digital Bones in Karagouniko Sheep and Hellenic Goat
by Theodoros Chatzis, Panagiotis D. Katsoulos, Ioannis Grivas, Aikaterini I. Sideri, Irene Valasi and Aris Pourlis
Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020013 - 28 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The phalanges of Karagouniko ewes and Hellenic goats were the subject of the present quantitative study, with the objective of determining whether any differences existed on the corresponding bones of the different digits. The lengths of the phalanges of the third and fourth [...] Read more.
The phalanges of Karagouniko ewes and Hellenic goats were the subject of the present quantitative study, with the objective of determining whether any differences existed on the corresponding bones of the different digits. The lengths of the phalanges of the third and fourth digits of the fore and hind autopodia, the smallest diaphyseal breadths of the first and second phalanges, the breadths of the proximal and distal ends of the first and second phalanges, the lengths of the dorsal surfaces of the third phalanx, and the heights of the extensor processes of the third phalanx were measured. A total of 44 linear measurements were recorded for each animal species. The summation of the lengths of the digital bones revealed that the third frontal digit was longer than the fourth frontal digit in both animal species and the fourth hind digit was longer than the third hind digit in both animal species. Furthermore, the lengths of the third and fourth frontal digits were greater than those of the corresponding hind digits in both species. The findings of the current metric analysis suggest that the lengths of the paired digits differ in sheep and goat. The results indicate that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from phylogenetic, biomechanical, and clinical aspects. Full article
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16 pages, 1188 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Occurrence of Multi-Mycotoxins in the Diet of Beef Cattle Feedlots in Brazil
by Rogério D’Antonio Pires, Tobias Alves e Silva, Aline Moreira Borowsky, Cristina Simões Cortinhas, Victor Valério de Carvalho and Carlos Humberto Corassin
Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020012 - 24 Mar 2025
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Abstract
Contamination by multi-mycotoxins in cattle feed can lead to increased susceptibility to diseases and loss of performance. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins present in the diet of beef cattle feedlots in Brazil. Chromatographic analyses were performed on [...] Read more.
Contamination by multi-mycotoxins in cattle feed can lead to increased susceptibility to diseases and loss of performance. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins present in the diet of beef cattle feedlots in Brazil. Chromatographic analyses were performed on 152 TMR samples from seven states, representing the diet provided to 1,246,522 animals. Contamination by mycotoxins was found in 100% of the TMR samples analyzed, with the most frequent being fumonisins, present in 100% of the samples, followed by zearalenone, which contaminated 79.6% of the samples, and subsequently by aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, and T-2, while HT-2 was not detected in any of the samples. Furthermore, 2.6% of samples showed co-occurrence of five different types of mycotoxins, 23.7% presented four mycotoxins, 41.4% three mycotoxins, 22.4% two mycotoxins, and 9.9% of the samples showed contamination by only one mycotoxin. The significant prevalence of mycotoxins of the Fusarium and Aspergillus genera in the samples of the present study indicates a notable degree of pre- and post-harvest contamination in these beef cattle diets. Further studies are needed to define methods for monitoring cattle exposure to clarify its effects, even at low levels, and reduce the impacts on beef cattle production in Brazil. Full article
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11 pages, 746 KiB  
Article
Effects of Short- and Long-Distance Road Transport and Temperament on the Magnitude of β-Endorphin Response in Limousine Bulls
by Esterina Fazio, Salvatore Cavaleri, Pietro Medica, Cristina Cravana and Deborah La Fauci
Ruminants 2025, 5(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5020011 - 24 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of short- and long-distance road transport and temperament on β-endorphin (β-EP) concentrations in 23 Limousine bulls, aged 12 ± 2 months old, taking into account the related effect on body weight (BW) decrease. [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of short- and long-distance road transport and temperament on β-endorphin (β-EP) concentrations in 23 Limousine bulls, aged 12 ± 2 months old, taking into account the related effect on body weight (BW) decrease. Animals were transported by road from France to Sicily over a distance of 2200 km in about 33 h. Bulls were divided into calm and reactive subjects based on their exit velocity (EV) measurements taken one week prior to transportation. Blood samples were taken during four different time points: in the morning, immediately before loading in baseline conditions; after the short-distance road transport of 55 km; at their arrival in Sicily after a long-distance road transport of 2200 km; and after 15 days of stabling in finishing and fattening barns, before slaughtering. Animals were weighed before departure, at the arrival in Sicily, and after 15 days. Significant effects of time, temperament, and their interaction were observed for β-EP. It increased after long-distance transport in both groups, but more markedly in calmer bulls, returning to baseline values after 15 days. Significant effects of time were also observed for BW, which decreased after long-distance road transport and restored after 15 days in both groups. The results suggest that long-distance road transport induces a significant increase in the β-endorphin concentrations in Limousine bulls, with the greatest increase in calm subjects. Full article
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