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9 pages, 1669 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Evaluation of GNSS Message Structures: Insights for Future Design

by Jae Hee Noh, Jae Min Ahn and Jong Yeon Choi

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126001 - 5 Feb 2026

As a fundamental component of GNSS signals, messages act as a critical medium for transmitting information required for PNT, serving the needs of both service providers and users. Over the years, message structures for GNSS signals have evolved from fixed formats to pseudo-packetized [...] Read more.

As a fundamental component of GNSS signals, messages act as a critical medium for transmitting information required for PNT, serving the needs of both service providers and users. Over the years, message structures for GNSS signals have evolved from fixed formats to pseudo-packetized and mixed formats. This evolution has facilitated the integration of supplementary data and has driven further research to incorporate new types of information. These developments have highlighted the necessity of flexible and transmission-efficient message structures. In this paper, we propose a set of performance metrics designed for the comprehensive evaluation of GNSS message structures. Using these metrics, we analyze the performance of existing message formats. From the results, it is observed that optimizing message formats based on the purpose and characteristics of the transmitted information could achieve flexibility and transmission efficiency. Based on these findings, we propose a novel approach to designing message structures that address future requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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0 pages, 1913 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Deep Learning Assisted Composite Clock: Robust Timescale for GNSS Through Neural Network

by Gaëtan Fayon, Alexander Mudrak, Hugo Sobreira and Artemio Castillo

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126002 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study introduces the Deep Learning Assisted Composite Clock (DLACC), aiming to improve the robustness of the GNSS timescale. If traditional Kalman filter-based composite clocks are today used in systems like GPS and EGNOS, the non-linear, non-Gaussian, and non-stationary behavior of atomic clocks [...] Read more.

This study introduces the Deep Learning Assisted Composite Clock (DLACC), aiming to improve the robustness of the GNSS timescale. If traditional Kalman filter-based composite clocks are today used in systems like GPS and EGNOS, the non-linear, non-Gaussian, and non-stationary behavior of atomic clocks can impact the performance of such model-based filtering. DLACC, built from the KalmanNet approach, proposes to enhance Kalman filters by computing its gain through a neural network to better model clock dynamics and manage ensemble clock reconfigurations. In particular, this study evaluates this method’s performance against conventional filters, demonstrating its potential for more resilient and adaptive GNSS timescales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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0 pages, 2910 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimentation of an Integrated Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System with Orthophoto Matching on a Fixed-Wing UAV

by Baheerathan Sivalingam and Ove Kent Hagen

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126003 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper presents the work on integrating our Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (VaINS) with orthophoto matching to increase robustness to GNSS failure. Normalized cross-correlation is used to match onboard camera images with geo-referenced aerial imagery. Image sequences captured at a nadir angle by [...] Read more.

This paper presents the work on integrating our Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (VaINS) with orthophoto matching to increase robustness to GNSS failure. Normalized cross-correlation is used to match onboard camera images with geo-referenced aerial imagery. Image sequences captured at a nadir angle by VaINS on a fixed-wing UAV are used in this experiment. The integrated navigation results are compared to both a smoothed GNSS-aided reference solution and the standalone VaINS solution during simulated GNSS-denied intervals. The results demonstrate that the integrated approach significantly outperforms the VaINS-only method. This is a preliminary investigation within ongoing work in orthophoto matching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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0 pages, 1974 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitoring Radio Frequency Interference Affecting GNSS Using Android Smartphones

by Javier Tegedor, Ciro Gioia, Marco Barbero, Stefano Luzardi and Gianluca Folloni

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126004 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are exploited in a wide range of applications, and their reliability and accuracy are more critical than ever. Weak GNSS signals are extremely susceptible to intentional or unintentional interference. The Joint Research Centre has explored the potential of [...] Read more.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are exploited in a wide range of applications, and their reliability and accuracy are more critical than ever. Weak GNSS signals are extremely susceptible to intentional or unintentional interference. The Joint Research Centre has explored the potential of leveraging the ubiquitous presence of Android smartphones for interference monitoring. Automatic Gain Control (AGC) measurements provided by the Android GNSS API are used for this purpose. A proof-of-concept, including an App to collect data and a back-end server for processing, has been developed and tested. The proposed approach demonstrates the potential to detect both intentional and unintentional interference. However, the approach has limitations, such as small AGC variations that cannot always be linked to GNSS interference and significant differences among smartphone models, which need to be considered for effective crowdsourcing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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0 pages, 1356 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing the Quality of Products and Latest Performance of Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service) Using Real-Time Data

by Stepan Savchuk, Vladyslav Kerker, Janusz Ćwiklak and Piotr Miduch

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126005 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) offers free, real-time precise point positioning (PPP) corrections via Galileo (E6-B) and internet, supporting Galileo (E1, E5a, E5b, E6) and GPS (L1, L5) signals. As of Service Level 1, HAS provides SSR orbit, clock corrections, and biases, [...] Read more.

The Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) offers free, real-time precise point positioning (PPP) corrections via Galileo (E6-B) and internet, supporting Galileo (E1, E5a, E5b, E6) and GPS (L1, L5) signals. As of Service Level 1, HAS provides SSR orbit, clock corrections, and biases, achieving decimeter-level accuracy (20 cm horizontal, 40 cm vertical) within 300 s (95th percntile), per the HAS ICD. This study compares HAS products with other analysis centers, verifying declared accuracy. Using a Septentrio Mosaic X5 GNSS receiver, real-time HAS data was collected over three weeks, verified against CODE products, and assessed for PPP performance under various scenarios to evaluate HAS reliability for high-accuracy positioning. The analysis has shown that HAS products provide superior accuracy for Galileo (9.6 cm URE) over GPS (14.0 cm URE) and enable decimeter-level positioning convergence within 3–5 min, although significant outliers were detected in the GPS clock corrections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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9 pages, 1444 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

GRIPP: An Open-Source and Portable Software-Defined Radio-Oriented GNSS/SBAS Receiver

by Gaëtan Fayon, Nicolas Castel, Hugo Sobreira, Ciprian-Vladut Circu, Noori Bni Lam, Marnix Meersman, Leia Nummisalo, Ruediger Matthias Weiler, Jörg Hahn, Stefan Wallner and Nityaporn Sirikan

Eng. Proc. 2026, 126(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026126006 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper introduces the GRIPP (GNSS/SBAS Receiver, Independent and Portable PVT) system, an open-source SDR oriented GNSS/SBAS receiver. Composed of a Pocket SDR FE device, an L-band antenna and a computer, this system aims to ease the deployment and test of future GNSS [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the GRIPP (GNSS/SBAS Receiver, Independent and Portable PVT) system, an open-source SDR oriented GNSS/SBAS receiver. Composed of a Pocket SDR FE device, an L-band antenna and a computer, this system aims to ease the deployment and test of future GNSS and SBAS evolutions, providing a fully documented and customizable receiver. Acting like a generic navigation toolbox, the main idea is to be able to quickly adapt it for research and development purposes, introducing new filtering methods or PVT algorithms. Besides these engineering applications, the goal is also to use it for educational purposes to introduce GNSS and SBAS to the general audience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of European Navigation Conference 2025)

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