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Hydrogen, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 7 articles

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24 pages, 4549 KiB  
Review
Tuning the Morphology of Transition Metal Disulfides: Advances in Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
by Shravani S. Jakkanawar, Vijay D. Chavan, Deok-Kee Kim, Tejasvinee S. Bhat and Hemraj M. Yadav
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 776-799; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040041 (registering DOI) - 2 Nov 2024
Viewed by 302
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the renewable energy system has gained a lot of attention from researchers as hydrogen is assumed to be a clean and renewable carrier. Transition metals and their compounds have been used as promising alternatives to precious noble [...] Read more.
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the renewable energy system has gained a lot of attention from researchers as hydrogen is assumed to be a clean and renewable carrier. Transition metals and their compounds have been used as promising alternatives to precious noble metals for the HER, offering low cost, more availability, and high activity. In this work, we discussed the mechanisms of the HER and how morphology influenced the catalytic performance of transition metal disulfide (TMD), focusing on structures that range from zero-dimensional (0D) to three-dimensional (3D) TMD materials. Notably, two-dimensional (2D) TMDs, like nanosheets, exhibit the lowest overpotential and a very small Tafel slope, which can be ascribed to their inherent layered structure and large surface area. According to recent research reports, the efficacy and efficiency of the HER process are influenced by surface chemistry, electrochemical characteristics, and the existence of active sites. Full article
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15 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
Comparative Hydrogen Production Routes via Steam Methane Reforming and Chemical Looping Reforming of Natural Gas as Feedstock
by Salmi Mohd Yunus, Suzana Yusup, Siti Sorfina Johari, Nurfanizan Mohd Afandi, Abreeza Manap and Hassan Mohamed
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 761-775; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040040 - 21 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
Hydrogen production is essential in the transition to sustainable energy. This study examines two hydrogen production routes, steam methane reforming (SMR) and chemical looping reforming (CLR), both using raw natural gas as feedstock. SMR, the most commonly used industrial process, involves reacting methane [...] Read more.
Hydrogen production is essential in the transition to sustainable energy. This study examines two hydrogen production routes, steam methane reforming (SMR) and chemical looping reforming (CLR), both using raw natural gas as feedstock. SMR, the most commonly used industrial process, involves reacting methane with steam to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. In contrast, CLR uses a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier to facilitate hydrogen production without generating additional carbon dioxide. Simulations conducted using Aspen HYSYS analyzed each method’s performance and energy consumption. The results show that SMR achieved 99.98% hydrogen purity, whereas CLR produced 99.97% purity. An energy analysis revealed that CLR requires 31% less energy than SMR, likely due to the absence of low- and high-temperature water–gas shift units. Overall, the findings suggest that CLR offers substantial advantages over SMR, including lower energy consumption and the production of cleaner hydrogen, free from carbon dioxide generated during the water–gas shift process. Full article
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24 pages, 13398 KiB  
Article
Integration of Wind Energy and Geological Hydrogen Storage in the Bakken Formation, North Dakota: Assessing the Potential of Depleted Reservoirs for Hydrogen Storage
by Shree Om Bade, Emmanuel Gyimah, Rachael Josephs, Toluwase Omojiba, Rockson Aluah and Olusegun Stanley Tomomewo
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 737-760; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040039 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 484
Abstract
Geological hydrogen storage, seen as a viable solution for addressing energy demands and mitigating the intermittency of wind power, is gaining recognition. At present, there are no specific studies that estimate hydrogen storage capacity and the potential for wind integration in North Dakota [...] Read more.
Geological hydrogen storage, seen as a viable solution for addressing energy demands and mitigating the intermittency of wind power, is gaining recognition. At present, there are no specific studies that estimate hydrogen storage capacity and the potential for wind integration in North Dakota despite the state’s enormous energy resources and capabilities. The study’s key innovation lies in repurposing a region historically associated with oil and gas for sustainable energy storage, thereby addressing the intermittency of wind sources. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study involves field selection, site screening, characterization, and mathematical modeling to simulate a wind–hydrogen production and geological storage system. A 15 MW wind farm, using real-world data from General Electric wind turbines, is employed to assess storage capacities within the Middle Bakken formation. The study reveals substantial storage potentials in wells W24814, W19693, and W26990, with capacities of 54,000, 33,000, and 22,000 tons, respectively. These capacities translate to energy storage capabilities of 1080, 660, and 440 GWh, with minimum storage durations of 140, 80, and 57 days, respectively, under a 60% system efficiency. By pioneering the integration of wind energy with geological hydrogen storage in a region traditionally dominated by fossil fuel extraction, this research could play a crucial role in advancing North Dakota’s energy transition, providing a blueprint for similar initiatives globally. Full article
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14 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Ammonia Decomposition System for Marine Application
by Shengwei Wu, Bin Miao and Siew Hwa Chan
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 723-736; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040038 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 651
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets for the maritime industry. From a long-term net zero emission perspective, ammonia fuel is expected to play a significant role in the marine decarbonization journey compared to LNG as a transition fuel. [...] Read more.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets for the maritime industry. From a long-term net zero emission perspective, ammonia fuel is expected to play a significant role in the marine decarbonization journey compared to LNG as a transition fuel. Also, in addition to internal combustion engine applications, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have gained more attention in marine propulsion applications due to their high efficiency. This study was performed to investigate the technical feasibility of utilizing a closed-loop SOFC thermal energy release for ammonia decomposition, leading to hydrogen fuel generation and subsequently feed back into SOFCs. The result proves that the integrated system of ammonia cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce hydrogen while supporting normal SOFC operation and generating heat. This paper concludes that an integrated system represents a novel and feasible solution and emphasizes its potential as an adaptable solution for future marine applications. Full article
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13 pages, 2117 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Fluoropolymer Management in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
by Parikhit Sinha and Sabrine M. Cypher
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 710-722; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040037 - 5 Oct 2024
Viewed by 860
Abstract
Concerns over the life cycle impacts of fluoropolymers have led to their inclusion in broad product restriction proposals for per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), despite their non-bioavailable properties and low exposure potential in complex, durable goods such as non-consumer electrical products. Based [...] Read more.
Concerns over the life cycle impacts of fluoropolymers have led to their inclusion in broad product restriction proposals for per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), despite their non-bioavailable properties and low exposure potential in complex, durable goods such as non-consumer electrical products. Based on the hypothesis that manufacturers are most able to manage the environmental impacts of their products, practical engineering approaches to implementing life cycle fluoropolymer stewardship are evaluated to bridge the ongoing debate between precautionary and risk-based approaches to PFAS management. A life cycle thinking approach is followed that considers product design and alternatives, as well as the product life cycle stages of material sourcing, manufacturing, field deployment, and end-of-life. Over the product life cycle, the material sourcing and end-of-life stages are most impactful in minimizing potential life cycle PFAS emissions. Sourcing fluoropolymers from suppliers with fluorosurfactant emissions control and replacement minimizes the potential emissions of bio-available PFAS substances. A stack-as-service approach to electrolyzer operations ensures a takeback mechanism for the recycling of end-of-life fluoropolymer materials. Retaining electrolytic hydrogen’s license to operate results in over USD 2 of environmental and health benefits per kilogram of hydrogen produced from reduced greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions compared to conventional hydrogen production via steam methane reforming. Full article
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28 pages, 11027 KiB  
Article
Multiphysics Studies of 3D Plate Fin Heat Exchanger Filled with Ortho-Para-Hydrogen Conversion Catalyst for Hydrogen Liquefaction
by Liangguang Tang, Doki Yamaguchi, Jose Orellana and Wendy Tian
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 682-709; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040036 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 597
Abstract
A comprehensive 3D Multiphysics model was developed to simulate a plate fin heat exchanger designed for hydrogen liquefaction, incorporating an ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalyst in the hot fin channel. The model encompassed the 3D serrate fin structure, turbulent flow within the cold fin [...] Read more.
A comprehensive 3D Multiphysics model was developed to simulate a plate fin heat exchanger designed for hydrogen liquefaction, incorporating an ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalyst in the hot fin channel. The model encompassed the 3D serrate fin structure, turbulent flow within the cold fin channel, and porous flow through the catalytic hot fin channel. Species transportation within the hot fin channel is coupled with ortho-para hydrogen conversion kinetics, while heat transfer mechanisms between the hot and cold fin channels are rigorously accounted for. Additionally, the state-of-the-art equation of state is employed to accurately describe the thermodynamic properties of ortho- and para-hydrogen within the model. Numerous operational parameters, including the gas hourly space velocity, cold gas velocity, ortho-para hydrogen conversion kinetics, and operating pressure, were systematically varied to identify the kinetic and heat transfer constraints during the heat exchanger operation. The findings revealed that the ortho-para hydrogen conversion kinetic parameter predominantly governs operations requiring high gas hourly space velocity, particularly in large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes. Furthermore, a significant pressure drop within the catalytic filled channel was observed; however, operating at higher pressure mitigates this issue while mildly enhancing ortho-para hydrogen conversion kinetics. Full article
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13 pages, 4580 KiB  
Article
Structures and Properties of MgTiHn Clusters (n ≤ 20)
by Camryn Newland, D. Balamurugan and Jonathan T. Lyon
Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 669-681; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040035 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Magnesium hydride solids doped with transition metals have received attention recently as prospective hydrogen storage materials for a green energy source and a hydrogen economy. In this study, MgTiHn (n = 1–20) clusters were investigated for the first time by employing [...] Read more.
Magnesium hydride solids doped with transition metals have received attention recently as prospective hydrogen storage materials for a green energy source and a hydrogen economy. In this study, MgTiHn (n = 1–20) clusters were investigated for the first time by employing the B3PW91 hybrid density functional theory computational chemistry technique with all electron basis sets to determine precise cluster structures and the maximum hydrogen capacity for this model system. We find that hydrogen atoms bind to the metal cluster core until a MgTiH14 saturation limit is reached, with hydrogen dissociation from this system occurring for MgTiH15 and larger cluster sizes. This MgTiH14 cluster contains a large 16.4% hydrogen by mass. This saturation size limit and hydrogen mass percent is larger than the analogous MgScHn system previously reported. The clusters relative stabilities and electronic properties are discussed along with a possible novel hydrogen dissociation pathway. MgTiH10 and MgTiH13 clusters are predicted to be especially stable species in this size range. Full article
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