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Abstract

Burning of Fountain Candles Indoor—A Moment of Joy versus Indoor Air Quality Concerns †

by
Agnese Araja
1,*,
Maja Remskar
2,3,
Maris Bertins
1,
Laima Plaveniece
1 and
Arturs Viksna
1
1
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
2
Solid State Physics Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Str. 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska Str. 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the International Conference EcoBalt 2023 “Chemicals & Environment”, Tallinn, Estonia, 9–11 October 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 92(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092038
Published: 23 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of International Conference EcoBalt 2023 "Chemicals & Environment")
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Versions Notes

Burning candles, magic candles, incense, and pyrotechnics such as fountain candles creates a sense of joy and celebration in various life and social events. Unfortunately, most people never even thought about the smoke, particulate matter, or the pollution that occurs and remains in indoor air after such activities. A lot of studies have raised the issue of whether the use of such products indoors can worsen indoor air quality [1,2]. Contrary to that, the exposure to fine ambient particulate matter has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and its relevance to particulate matter from different candle burning remains unexplored [3].
The objective of the current study was to characterize the number concentration and mass concentration of particulate matter originated indoors when burning fountain candles, which are commercially available in Latvia. Therefore, simulating studies of burning fountain candles were performed in a close laboratory for quantitative analysis of obtained particulate matter. For the mass concentration of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and number concentration of ultra-fine and fine particulate matter with diameters from 0.265 up to 2.750 µm measuring, the spectrometer GRIMM EDM—365 (Grimm Aerosol Technik, Ainring, Germany) was used. In order to determine possible exposure of emitted particulate matter, a detecting device was placed 1 m from the fountain candle. In another experiment, a detecting device was placed 4 m from the fountain candle to characterize particulate matter distribution dynamics (see Figure 1).
Model experiments showed that most of the particulate matter released indoors after fountain candles burning are in size ≤ 0.265 µm, which are the most harmful to human health. The mass and number concentration of particles depend on the distance at which the emission source is located, e.g., ultra fine particles move further in the room and their concentrations are higher at 4 m compared to 1 m.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.A. and M.R.; methodology, A.A. and M.R.; software, L.P.; validation, M.B. and L.P.; formal analysis, L.P.; investigation, A.A.; resources, A.V.; data curation, L.P.; writing—original draft preparation, A.A.; writing—review and editing, M.R.; visualization, L.P.; supervision, A.A.; project administration, A.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are unavailable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Derudi, M.; Gelosa, S.; Sliepcevich, A.; Cattaneo, A.; Cavallo, D.; Rota, D.; Nano, G. Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 4320–4330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Niu, X.; Jones, T.; BéruBé, K.; Chuang, H.; Sune, J.; Ho, H.F. The oxidative capacity of indoor source combustion derived particulate matter and resulting respiratory toxicity. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 767, 144391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Loft, S.; Andersen, Z.A.; Jørgensen, J.T.; Kristiansen, A.D.; Dam, J.K.; Cramer, J.; Rudi, G.J.; Westendorp, R.G.J.; Lund, R.; Lim, J.H. Use of candles and risk of cardiovascular and respiratory events in a Danish cohort study. Indoor Air 2022, 32, e13086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Proceedings 92 00038 g001
Figure 1. Mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 emitted from fountain candle burning depending on the distance of the detecting devise.
Figure 1. Mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 emitted from fountain candle burning depending on the distance of the detecting devise.
Proceedings 92 00038 g001
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Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Araja, A.; Remskar, M.; Bertins, M.; Plaveniece, L.; Viksna, A. Burning of Fountain Candles Indoor—A Moment of Joy versus Indoor Air Quality Concerns. Proceedings 2023, 92, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092038

AMA Style

Araja A, Remskar M, Bertins M, Plaveniece L, Viksna A. Burning of Fountain Candles Indoor—A Moment of Joy versus Indoor Air Quality Concerns. Proceedings. 2023; 92(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Araja, Agnese, Maja Remskar, Maris Bertins, Laima Plaveniece, and Arturs Viksna. 2023. "Burning of Fountain Candles Indoor—A Moment of Joy versus Indoor Air Quality Concerns" Proceedings 92, no. 1: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092038

APA Style

Araja, A., Remskar, M., Bertins, M., Plaveniece, L., & Viksna, A. (2023). Burning of Fountain Candles Indoor—A Moment of Joy versus Indoor Air Quality Concerns. Proceedings, 92(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092038

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