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Review

Fractal Properties of the Cosmic Web

by
Jaan Einasto
Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, 61602 Tõravere, Estonia
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(9), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090579
Submission received: 9 May 2025 / Revised: 17 June 2025 / Accepted: 22 August 2025 / Published: 31 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fixed Point Theory and Fractals)

Abstract

The cosmic web is one of the most complex systems in nature, consisting of galaxies and clusters of galaxies joined by filaments and walls, leaving large empty regions called cosmic voids. The most common method of describing the web is a correlation function and its derivative, the fractal function. In this paper, I provide a review of the fractal properties of the cosmic web from the observational point of view within the Newtonian concordance ΛCDM Universe framework. I give a brief history of fractal studies of the Universe. I then describe the derivation of the fractal function from angular and spatial distributions of galaxies and their relations. Correlation functions are not sensitive to the shape of the galaxy distribution. To improve our quantitative understanding of properties of the web, statistics must be used which are sensitive to the pattern of the web.
Keywords: cosmic web; dark matter and galaxy clustering; fractal geometry; methods: numerical cosmic web; dark matter and galaxy clustering; fractal geometry; methods: numerical

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Einasto, J. Fractal Properties of the Cosmic Web. Fractal Fract. 2025, 9, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090579

AMA Style

Einasto J. Fractal Properties of the Cosmic Web. Fractal and Fractional. 2025; 9(9):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090579

Chicago/Turabian Style

Einasto, Jaan. 2025. "Fractal Properties of the Cosmic Web" Fractal and Fractional 9, no. 9: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090579

APA Style

Einasto, J. (2025). Fractal Properties of the Cosmic Web. Fractal and Fractional, 9(9), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9090579

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