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Vision, Volume 9, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 12 articles

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10 pages, 989 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Activity of a New Ophthalmic Spray Containing Biosecur® Citrus Extract (Oftasecur®) Against Candida auris and Candida albicans and Preformed Biofilm on Contact Lenses
by Antonio Pinna, Matthew Gavino Donadu, Stefano Dore, Rita Serra, Matteo Sacchi, Giacomo Boscia, Aliz Bozó and Renátó Kovács
Vision 2025, 9(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010012 - 7 Feb 2025
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur® citrus extract (Oftasecur®) against Candida auris and C. albicans and assessed its activity against preformed Candida biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The [...] Read more.
We investigated the in vitro antifungal activity of a new commercial ocular spray containing Biosecur® citrus extract (Oftasecur®) against Candida auris and C. albicans and assessed its activity against preformed Candida biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The C. auris isolate 12 (NCPF 8973) and the SC5314 C. albicans wild-type reference strain were used. Oftasecur®’s effect on C. auris and C. albicans planktonic cells (1 × 106 cells/mL) was tested in RPMI-1640 medium. The concentrations tested were 0.39%, 1.56%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%. The living planktonic cell number was obtained using time-kill experiments. Antifungal activity against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on etafilcon A and senofilcon A contact lenses and plastic lens cases was also tested. A significant decrease was found in the living cell number of C. albicans after 8–48 h in the presence of Oftasecur® concentrations ranging from 6.25% to 25% (p < 0.01–0.001). In the C. auris experiments, the cell number was significantly decreased after 8 h incubation in 25% Oftasecur® (p < 0.05–0.001). Similarly, 12.5% Oftasecur® was effective against preformed C. auris and C. albicans biofilm on contact lenses and plastic lens cases. The results suggest that the in vitro antifungal activity of Oftasecur® against C. albicans and C. auris planktonic cells and preformed fungal biofilm on contact lenses and plastic cases is dependent on the concentrations used. Further research is warranted to establish whether Oftasecur® may play a role in the prevention of contact lens-related Candida keratitis and other ocular-surface Candida infections. Full article
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15 pages, 3998 KiB  
Article
Large Bias in Matching Small Horizontal and Vertical Extents Separated in Depth in the Real World Is Similar for Upright and Supine Observers
by Frank H. Durgin, Chung Sze Kwok, Katelyn M. Becker and Ya Min Phyu
Vision 2025, 9(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010011 - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
The apparent sizes of horizontal and vertical lines show an anisotropy known as the horizontal vertical illusion (HVI) wherein vertical lines appear to be longer than their horizontal counterparts. Whereas a typical HVI comparing vertical and horizontal lines in a plane produces a [...] Read more.
The apparent sizes of horizontal and vertical lines show an anisotropy known as the horizontal vertical illusion (HVI) wherein vertical lines appear to be longer than their horizontal counterparts. Whereas a typical HVI comparing vertical and horizontal lines in a plane produces a 5–10% illusion, a much larger-scale illusion (15–25%) is often found for large objects in the real world, and this has been related to differential angular exaggerations in perceived elevation (vertical) and azimuthal (horizontal) direction. Recently supine observers in virtual environments were found to show larger exaggerations in perceived azimuth than upright observers. Here, 48 participants were tested in both supine and upright postures in an outdoor environment while matching fairly small physical extents in the real world. They adjusted the magnitude of the horizontal extent to perceptually match fairly small vertical poles (0.7–1.3 m tall) that were either presented at the same viewing distance as the matching extent or in a different depth plane, so that size at a distance had to be compared. Supine observers viewed the scene, as though upright, through a large mirror mounted overhead at 45° that was adjusted to approximate their normal eye height. When the matcher extent was at a different distance than the pole, horizontal extent matches typically exceeded the actual pole height by about 15% or more, whether the viewer was upright or supine. The average overestimation was only about 10% when the matching extent was at the same distance. Despite the similarity in performance across different postures for spatial matching, supine observers gave much higher explicit estimates of azimuthal direction than upright observers. However, although the observation of exaggeration in perceived azimuth for supine observers was replicated in a second study with 24 additional participants using a mirror with a smaller (more normal) aspect ratio, the magnitude of the exaggeration seemed to be greatly reduced when the field of view of the apparatus had a more typical aspect ratio. This suggests that the unusually large exaggeration of azimuth found in a previous report with supine observers may have been caused by the unusually large aspect ratio of the viewing apparatus used. Full article
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14 pages, 390 KiB  
Article
Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test in Adults: Age-Related Changes and Italian Normative Data
by Alessio Facchin, Silvio Maffioletti and Roberta Daini
Vision 2025, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010010 - 2 Feb 2025
Abstract
The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a paper-based tool used to assess ocular motor skills in children. By naming numbers in a simple and easy simulated reading task, the DEM test provides an oculomotor efficiency score without complex eye-tracking equipment. Studies have [...] Read more.
The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a paper-based tool used to assess ocular motor skills in children. By naming numbers in a simple and easy simulated reading task, the DEM test provides an oculomotor efficiency score without complex eye-tracking equipment. Studies have shown that its usefulness can be extended to adults, despite its name suggesting that it is used primarily for developmental ages. However, for a broader application in the adult population in a clinical setting, there are no adult-specific norms. This study aimed to develop adult normative data for the Italian-speaking population and assess whether the DEM scores were influenced by age. In this study, 521 healthy Italian adults, aged 20 to 79 years, participated. Normative data were obtained by using a regression-based framework with demographic variables as predictors. Results show that age influences all sub-measures of time such as Vertical Time (VT), Adjusted Horizontal Time (AHT), and the Ratio score, but did not influence the error score. This is in line with the processing speed reduction in aging. Errors were influenced by education and gender. DEM norms, defined and scored using percentiles and equivalent scores, allow the assessment of oculomotor efficiency in adults, making this test suitable for use in all clinical settings, particularly in neuropsychological and neurological ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye and Head Movements in Visuomotor Tasks)
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16 pages, 1448 KiB  
Article
Interocular Timing Differences in Horizontal Saccades of Ball Game Players
by Masahiro Kokubu, Yoshihiro Komatsu and Takashi Kojima
Vision 2025, 9(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010009 - 31 Jan 2025
Abstract
In ball game sports, binocular visual function is important for accurately perceiving the distance of various objects in visual space. However, the temporal coordination of binocular eye movements during saccades has not been investigated extensively in athletes. The purpose of the present study [...] Read more.
In ball game sports, binocular visual function is important for accurately perceiving the distance of various objects in visual space. However, the temporal coordination of binocular eye movements during saccades has not been investigated extensively in athletes. The purpose of the present study was to compare the characteristics found in the interocular timing differences in horizontal saccades between ball game players. The participants included 32 university baseball players and 54 university soccer players. They were asked to shift their gaze to the onset of the light-emitting diodes located at 10 deg of visual field eccentricity to the left and right and alternated every 2 s. Horizontal movements of the left and right eyes were recorded separately with the electro-oculogram. Temporal variables for each eye were calculated with digital differentiation, and timing differences between the left and right eyes were compared between participant groups. The overall results showed significant interocular differences between left and right eye movements for the temporal variables of binocular saccades. The comparison between the participant groups revealed that baseball players had smaller interocular timing differences between the left and right eyes than soccer players in the onset time, time to peak velocity, duration, and peak velocity. These results suggest that baseball players have a higher degree of temporal coordination in binocular eye movements, particularly during the initial phase of horizontal saccades, compared to soccer players. This enhanced coordination might be attributable to the sport-specific visual demands of baseball, where players require precise stereoscopic vision to track a small high-speed ball within their visual space. Full article
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23 pages, 2498 KiB  
Article
Ball-Flight Viewing Duration and Estimates of Passing Height in Baseball
by Emily Benson, Andrew J. Toole and Nick Fogt
Vision 2025, 9(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010008 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
Predictions of the vertical location of a pitched ball (termed the passing height) when the ball arrives at an observer may be based on internal models of ball trajectory and situational cues, kinematic cues from the pitcher’s motion, and visual ball-flight cues. The [...] Read more.
Predictions of the vertical location of a pitched ball (termed the passing height) when the ball arrives at an observer may be based on internal models of ball trajectory and situational cues, kinematic cues from the pitcher’s motion, and visual ball-flight cues. The informational content of ball-flight cues for judgments of vertical passing height when the ball’s launch angle is small and when situational and kinematic cues are limited is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether passing heights can be judged adequately from ball-flight cues and whether judgments of passing height improve as viewing time increases under the aforementioned conditions. Twenty subjects stood 40 feet (12.19 m) from a pneumatic pitching machine that propelled tennis balls toward them at three speeds (from 53 mph (85 kph) to 77 mph (124 kph)). The ball’s launch angle was constant. The subject’s vision was blocked at 100 ms or 250 ms after pitch release. Subjects indicated the height at which they expected the ball to arrive. In the absence of explicit situational cues or kinematic cues and in the presence of a small and constant launch angle, the longer viewing time of ball-flight cues improved passing height estimates but did not result in accurate responses for the slower speeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye and Head Movements in Visuomotor Tasks)
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24 pages, 377 KiB  
Review
Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Narrative Review
by Márta Janáky and Gábor Braunitzer
Vision 2025, 9(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010007 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 687
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses inherited retinal dystrophies, appearing either as an isolated eye condition or as part of a broader systemic syndrome, known as syndromic RP. In these cases, RP includes systemic symptoms impacting other organs, complicating diagnosis and management. This review highlights [...] Read more.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses inherited retinal dystrophies, appearing either as an isolated eye condition or as part of a broader systemic syndrome, known as syndromic RP. In these cases, RP includes systemic symptoms impacting other organs, complicating diagnosis and management. This review highlights key systemic syndromes linked with RP, such as Usher, Bardet–Biedl, and Alström syndromes, focusing on genetic mutations, inheritance, and clinical symptoms. These insights support clinicians in recognizing syndromic RP early. Ocular signs like nystagmus and congenital cataracts may indicate systemic disease, prompting genetic testing. Conversely, systemic symptoms may necessitate eye exams, even if vision symptoms are absent. Understanding the systemic aspects of these syndromes emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration among ophthalmologists, pediatricians, and other specialists to optimize patient care. The review also addresses emerging genetic therapies aimed at both visual and systemic symptoms, though more extensive studies are required to confirm their effectiveness. Overall, by detailing the genetic and clinical profiles of syndromic RP, this review seeks to aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing these complex conditions more effectively, enhancing patient outcomes through timely, specialized intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Retinal Function and Disease)
43 pages, 2441 KiB  
Review
Orienting Gaze Toward a Visual Target: Neurophysiological Synthesis with Epistemological Considerations
by Laurent Goffart
Vision 2025, 9(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010006 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
The appearance of an object triggers an orienting gaze movement toward its location. The movement consists of a rapid rotation of the eyes, the saccade, which is accompanied by a head rotation if the target eccentricity exceeds the oculomotor range and by a [...] Read more.
The appearance of an object triggers an orienting gaze movement toward its location. The movement consists of a rapid rotation of the eyes, the saccade, which is accompanied by a head rotation if the target eccentricity exceeds the oculomotor range and by a slow eye movement if the target moves. Completing a previous report, we explain the numerous points that lead to questioning the validity of a one-to-one correspondence relation between measured physical values of gaze or head orientation and neuronal activity. Comparing the sole kinematic (or dynamic) numerical values with neurophysiological recordings carries the risk of believing that the activity of central neurons directly encodes gaze or head physical orientation rather than mediating changes in extraocular and neck muscle contraction, not to mention possible changes happening elsewhere (in posture, in the autonomous nervous system and more centrally). Rather than reducing mismatches between extrinsic physical parameters (such as position or velocity errors), eye and head movements are behavioral expressions of intrinsic processes that restore a poly-equilibrium, i.e., balances of activities opposing antagonistic visuomotor channels. Past results obtained in cats and monkeys left a treasure of data allowing a synthesis, which illustrates the formidable complexity underlying the small changes in the orientations of the eyes and head. The aim of this synthesis is to serve as a new guide for further investigations or for comparison with other species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Visual Neuroscience)
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11 pages, 412 KiB  
Article
Conversion to Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma in Pediatric Patients
by Nur Cardakli, Rujuta A. Gore and Courtney L. Kraus
Vision 2025, 9(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010005 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 357
Abstract
Background: The outcomes of pediatric glaucoma suspects with a history of ocular trauma remains unknown; we describe the rate of conversion to glaucoma of this population of patients at a research-intensive academic center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case series of pediatric patients [...] Read more.
Background: The outcomes of pediatric glaucoma suspects with a history of ocular trauma remains unknown; we describe the rate of conversion to glaucoma of this population of patients at a research-intensive academic center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case series of pediatric patients with a history of open- or closed-globe trauma who were being monitored as pediatric glaucoma suspects at the Wilmer Eye Institute between 2005 and 2016. Results: A total of 62 eyes from 62 patients with a history of ocular trauma were identified with a median age at presentation of 9.7 years (7.8 years) and a median follow-up of 2.7 (5.8 years). There were 29 eyes (46.8%) with open-globe injuries and 33 eyes (53.2%) with closed-globe injuries. A higher proportion of eyes that sustained closed-globe injuries were started on topical therapy for persistent ocular hypertension than eyes that sustained open-globe injuries (36.4% versus 10.3%, X2 = 5.6976, p = 0.017). Five eyes (8.1%) developed glaucoma during the follow-up period, all of which had a history of closed-globe injury (15.2%, X2 = 4.7794, p = 0.029). Four eyes of these eyes underwent glaucoma-related surgical intervention. Most eyes (3/5, 60%) that went on to develop post-traumatic glaucoma had undergone additional and/or concurrent intraocular surgical interventions to address sequelae of ocular trauma, such as traumatic cataract and retinal detachment. Conclusions: All eyes that developed glaucomatous damage or underwent glaucoma-related surgical intervention in this cohort of patients with a history of ocular trauma were those that had sustained close-globe injuries. No eyes that sustained open-globe injury progressed to glaucoma. Full article
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9 pages, 736 KiB  
Article
The Ellipsoid Zone Is a Structural Biomarker for Visual Outcomes in Diabetic Macular Edema and Macular Hole Management
by Shivani Chaturvedi, Amisha Paul, Samya Singh, Levent Akduman and Sandeep Saxena
Vision 2025, 9(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010004 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 393
Abstract
Objectives: The goal was to study the ellipsoid zone (EZ) as a structural biomarker for final visual outcomes after pharmacological intervention in center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) and surgical intervention for full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs). Methods: This was a tertiary care center-based retrospective [...] Read more.
Objectives: The goal was to study the ellipsoid zone (EZ) as a structural biomarker for final visual outcomes after pharmacological intervention in center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) and surgical intervention for full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs). Methods: This was a tertiary care center-based retrospective study. After sample size calculations, data from 64 consecutive cases were collected, with subjects aged between 40 and 60 years. Thirty-two cases of DME with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and 32 cases of FTMHs with successful macular hole surgery (MHS) were studied. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) data were collected. Measurements of EZ defects documented at the time of presentation and 12 weeks after intervention were analyzed using the caliper function of the machine. EZ restoration was graded, and a Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Results: Mean logMAR VA decreased after intravitreal therapy (IVT) from 1.12 ± 0.22 pre-intervention to 0.81 ± 0.41 post-intervention and after MHS, from 1.05 + 0.25 to 0.62 + 0.11 (p < 0.001). EZ disruption reduced from 73.4% to 19.4% after IVT and from 67% to 19.3% after MHS. DME and MHS postoperative visual acuity and residual EZ defect were observed to have a statistically significant linear correlation (r = 0.794, p < 0.001 and r = 0.894, p < 0.001, respectively). The EZ was found to be an excellent structural biomarker for final BCVA (area under curve = 0.95 for DME and 1.00 for MHS). Conclusion: Notable EZ restoration results were obtained from pharmacological and surgical interventions. The EZ proves to be a critical structural biomarker for predicting visual outcomes in center-involving DME and MHS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Retinal Function and Disease)
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15 pages, 3163 KiB  
Article
Colour Vision Deficits in Children with Amblyopia: Impact of Angular Size of Stimuli on Detection
by Kristine Kalnica-Dorosenko, Anzelika Litavnieka, Renars Truksa, Aiga Svede and Sandra Valeina
Vision 2025, 9(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010003 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
This study investigates colour vision deficits in children with amblyopia by employing a computerized colour vision test with varying stimulus sizes (1°, 2°, and 3°). The aim is to delineate the impact of amblyopia on colour discrimination in children and to determine the [...] Read more.
This study investigates colour vision deficits in children with amblyopia by employing a computerized colour vision test with varying stimulus sizes (1°, 2°, and 3°). The aim is to delineate the impact of amblyopia on colour discrimination in children and to determine the effectiveness of the computerized colour vision test in detecting these deficits. The study involved 40 participants, divided into 20 children with amblyopia and 20 without amblyopia (control group). Our findings reveal that, during binocular viewing, children with amblyopia exhibit significant impairments in colour vision both for red–green and blue–yellow axes, primarily for 1° chromatic stimuli, but not for larger stimuli (2° and 3°). These findings offer valuable insight into the functional visual limitations in pediatric amblyopia, potentially guiding more targeted clinical assessments and interventions. Full article
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13 pages, 235 KiB  
Review
Shaping the Space: A Role for the Hippocampus in Mental Imagery Formation
by Andrea Blomkvist
Vision 2025, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010002 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 635
Abstract
Mental imagery is claimed to underlie a host of abilities, such as episodic memory, working memory, and decision-making. A popular view holds that mental imagery relies on the perceptual system and that it can be said to be ‘vision in reverse’. Whereas vision [...] Read more.
Mental imagery is claimed to underlie a host of abilities, such as episodic memory, working memory, and decision-making. A popular view holds that mental imagery relies on the perceptual system and that it can be said to be ‘vision in reverse’. Whereas vision exploits the bottom-up neural pathways of the visual system, mental imagery exploits the top-down neural pathways. But the contribution of some other neural areas remains overlooked. In this article, I explore important contributions of the hippocampus, a neural area traditionally associated with episodic memory, to mental imagery formation. I highlight evidence which supports the view that the hippocampus contributes to the spatial model used for mental imagery and argue that we can distinguish different hippocampal circuits which contribute to different kinds of imagery, such as object imagery, scene imagery, and imagery with a temporal aspect. This has significant upshots for mental imagery research, as it opens a new avenue for further research into the role of the hippocampus in a variety of imagery tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Mental Imagery System: How We Image the World)
10 pages, 1958 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hydration on Viscoelastic Tensile Properties of Sclera
by Hamed Hatami-Marbini
Vision 2025, 9(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010001 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
The present work characterized the effects of hydration on the viscoelastic tensile properties of the sclera. Scleral strips were dissected from the posterior region near the optic nerve head of porcine eyes in the superior–inferior direction. The samples were divided into four hydration [...] Read more.
The present work characterized the effects of hydration on the viscoelastic tensile properties of the sclera. Scleral strips were dissected from the posterior region near the optic nerve head of porcine eyes in the superior–inferior direction. The samples were divided into four hydration groups and their mechanical response was characterized by conducting uniaxial tensile stress–relaxation experiments. An exponential relation and logarithmic expression were used to numerically represent the experimental measurements during the ramp and relaxation periods, respectively. A nonlinear increase in the tensile stress during the ramp period was observed for all strips. Furthermore, it was found that dehydrated specimens had stiffer tensile properties. In particular, it was observed that the maximum and equilibrium stresses increased significantly with decreasing hydration. Furthermore, it was found that the viscoelastic tensile response of porcine scleral strips at different hydration levels could be collapsed onto a single normalized curve. The findings of the present work showed that hydration had significant effects on the viscoelastic tensile properties of sclera. Full article
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