A Decentralized COVID-19 Vaccine Tracking System Using Blockchain Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Characteristics of Blockchain
2.2. Blockchain Development Platforms
2.3. Related Work & Preliminary Idea
3. Our Proposed Vacchain System
3.1. System Overview
3.2. SYS-MAN
3.3. Mutual Agreement on Transferring Ownership
3.4. Vaccine Passport
4. System Implementation
4.1. System Overview
4.2. Substrate-based Decentralized Blockchain Engine
4.2.1. SYS-MAN
4.2.2. Mutual Agreement on Transferring Ownership
5. Evaluation
5.1. Data Reliability of Vacchain
- Impact of the SYS-MAN:
- Impact of the Mutual Agreement of Ownership Transfer:
- Impact of Vaccine Passports on Blockchain:
5.2. Vacchain Comparison
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BSV | Bitcoin Satoshi version |
Dapp | distributed application |
EVM | Ethereum virtual machine |
IoMT | internet of medical devices |
IoT | internet of things |
POCT | point of care tools |
P2P | peer-to-peer |
SYS-MAN | system manager |
VM | vaccine manufacturer |
VAD | vaccine authorized distributor |
VAO | vaccine approved organization |
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Research | Platform | Main Focus | Traceability | Data Reliability |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Manoj et al., 2020) [15] | public blockchain | Give tokens, encourage legitimate behavior and provide incentives | × | × |
(Yong et al., 2020) [22] | Ethereum (public blockchain) | Detecting expired vaccines. Demand forecasting by machine learning | △ | △ |
(Antal et al., 2021) [24] | Ethereum (public blockchain) | Temperature control using Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Side effect reports are also managed on the blockchain | √ | × |
VXPASS [25] | BSV (public blockchain) | Protects patient privacy without storing personally identifiable information | × | △ |
eZVax [26] | Hyper Ledger Fabric (consortium blockchain) | Store, manage, and analyze data throughout the vaccine supply chain | √ | △ |
Our proposed Vacchain | Substrate (consortium blockchain) | Prevent counterfeit vaccines by making them traceable | √ | √ |
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Koyama, A.; Tran, V.C.; Fujimoto, M.; Bao, V.N.Q.; Tran, T.H. A Decentralized COVID-19 Vaccine Tracking System Using Blockchain Technology. Cryptography 2023, 7, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7010013
Koyama A, Tran VC, Fujimoto M, Bao VNQ, Tran TH. A Decentralized COVID-19 Vaccine Tracking System Using Blockchain Technology. Cryptography. 2023; 7(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoyama, Atsuki, Van Chuong Tran, Manato Fujimoto, Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao, and Thi Hong Tran. 2023. "A Decentralized COVID-19 Vaccine Tracking System Using Blockchain Technology" Cryptography 7, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7010013