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Article

Impact of the Soundproofing in the Cavity of the Synthetic Jet Actuator on the Generated Noise

by
Emil Smyk
1,* and
Marek Markowicz
2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
2
Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fluids 2022, 7(10), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7100323
Submission received: 5 September 2022 / Revised: 29 September 2022 / Accepted: 1 October 2022 / Published: 5 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Turbulence)
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Abstract

The synthetic jet actuator (SJA) generated high noise which limits the area of its application. In this paper, the five actuators with different types of soundproofing in the cavity were tested and compared to the classic actuator. The resistance and the sound pressure level (SPL) were measured for real power P = 1 ,   2 ,   4 W, and frequency in a range of 20–150 Hz. The resonant frequency of actuators was designed. Only one type of soundproofing had a significant impact on the resonant frequency. The use of soundproofing in the actuator cavity increased or did not affect the generated noise at a frequency below 120 Hz and only the mineral wool significantly decreased the noise at a frequency above 120 Hz– even 7 dBA. The direction for further investigations was set.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The concept of the synthetic jet (SJ) was proposed in the early 1970s and is still alive and developed [1]. New types of synthetic jet actuators (SJA), new methods of SJ generation, and new applications of SJ are being proposed all the time. The SJ is used in many science areas and also in industrial applications. The most common uses are heat transfer enhancement [2,3,4,5], active flow control and jet vectoring [6,7,8], and mixing enhancement [9,10,11]. Regardless of the application, however, one of the big problems of SJA remains the high level of generated noise, which can be as high as 90 dB or more [12]. According to the EN ISO 9241-6: 2002 [13] standard, in the case of difficult and complex tasks requiring concentration (office work), the sound pressure level (SPL) should not exceed 35–55 dB.
The level of noise in the background has a significant impact on our health and mental condition. Many papers showed that noise has a negative impact on physical and psychological well-being, self-rated fatigue, and causes a disturbance, annoyance, and physiological stress [14,15]. Additionally, environmental noise is one of the causes of cardiovascular disorders such as ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, stroke, etc. [16]. For these reasons, the SPL should be reduced if it is possible.
Arick [17] was one of the first to point out the noise problem. However, his proposal to enclose the actuator in a small box with a muffler was impractical. Lasance et al. [18] investigated the impact of the orifice diameter and length on the sound pressure level (SPL). The smaller the diameter and the longer the hole, the lower the SPL. These dependencies have been confirmed by other researchers. Bhapkar et al. [19] and Kanase et al. [20] confirmed that the SPL decreased with the orifice length, and Kanase et al. [20] show also that the SPL increased with the orifice diameter.
Bhapkar et al. [21] postulated that the noise increased with the orifice length. They investigated actuators with a constant aspect ratio orifice. The increase of the orifice length from 2 mm to 5 mm caused the SPL to increase by 3–6 dB (4–10%). However, because the orifices had a constant aspect ratio, the orifice diameter also increased. Based on other studies [18,19,20], it should be noted that Bhapkar et al. [21] made an inference error in the course of their research. While maintaining the same aspect ratio, they assessed that it is the orifice length that influences the generated noise, and not the orifice diameter, which in this case turned out to be the decisive factor. Whereas, Zhang et al. [22] simulated the SJA and investigated the impact of the orifice and cavity parameters on the SPL level. The SPL increased when the orifice diameter increased, and the cavity height decreased. In the case of orifice length and cavity diameter, the dependence is not so clear. The maximal value of the SJ was obtained at the resonant frequency of the actuator. Gil et al. [23] showed that the SPL directly depends on the ratio of the orifice diameter to the cavity diameter and is proportional to the SJ velocity. The other researchers investigated the impact of the orifice shape or number on the SPL [20,21,24,25,26,27].
In this paper, the multi–orifice SJA with one wall replaced by the soundproofing was tested. This idea arose during research carried out on multi-hole actuators with a heat exchanger in the chamber. This type of actuator was first time presented by Gil [28] and generated a relatively low noise level compared to other actuators [29]. Hence, the wall opposite the actuator exciter was replaced by one of five different types of soundproofing materials. Electrical parameters and generated noise were examined for such a constructed actuator.

2. Materials and Methods

In the paper, the SJ with soundproofing in the cavity was tested. The multi-orifice actuator, used in this investigation, is shown in Figure 1. The actuator body was printed from Z-ULTRAT (material based on ABS—acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) using 3D technology. The wall thickness was 3.5 mm. The cavity diameter was 95 mm, and the cavity height was 50 mm. In the body were six orifices with a diameter of 6.21 mm (value measured on the model). The orifices were arranged symmetrically around the perimeter. The orifices were made halfway between the loudspeaker and the opposite wall (Figure 1c). The mid-range woofer SB Acoustics SB12PAC25-4/4” was used.
The actuator body was made of two parts. The top part of the actuator body was made for each type of filling separately in such a way that the cavity height H was 50 mm (Figure 1b). The connections between the loudspeaker and actuator body and between the top and bottom parts of the actuator body have been sealed with an O-ring. In cases 2 and 3, a cavity height was understood to mean a distance from the loudspeaker to half the height of the ‘pyramids’. The used soundproofing is presented Table 1.
The SJA was supplied with a sinusoidal signal generator by a Rigol GD4162 and amplified by an HW-447 TPA3116D2 amplifier. The current and voltage drops were measured with Keithley 2701 instruments (6.5 digits, 22-bits) with a 7706 all-in-one I/O module. The current was measured as a voltage drop on a reference resistor (1 Ω, ±0.01%). The measurements were for the frequency range from 20 to 150 Hz with step 5 Hz and at the complex power 1, 2, and 4 VA. It was proved many times that the phase shift between the current and voltage at low frequency is close to 1 [30,31,32]. Therefore, complex power can be identified as real power without serious error. It was used before in other papers [33]. The power was measured with relative accuracy of ±0.25%. The power was calculated as:
P = E I
where E is an effective voltage [V], and I is an effective current [A].
Additionally in the paper, the resistance of the actuator was calculated as:
R = E I
The SPL was measured with a testo 816-1 sound level meter compiled with the requirements of the IEC 61672-1 Class2 and ANSI S1.4 Type 2 standards. The measurements range was from 30 to 130 dB and the frequency range was from 20 Hz to 8 kHz. The accuracy of measurements was ±1.4 dB with a resolution of 0.1 dB. The background SPL of the environment was 37.8 dB, and the sound level meter was placed 1 m from the SJA. During the measurements, the A-weighting was used. The measurements were made according to ISO 3746:2010 [34].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Resonant Frequency

Figure 2 presents the resistance in the function of the actuator frequency at different real power for Case 0 (Figure 2a) and at the real power equal to 1 W for all investigated cases (Figure 2b). The resonant frequency of the actuator can be determined as a local maximum of the actuator resistance. The resonant frequency of Case 0 was determined as 55 Hz at real power 1 W and 2 W and as 60 Hz at 3 W. However, the resonant frequency is independent of the power of the actuator. The difference in the resonant frequency value determined from Figure 2a was caused by the large step of the frequency (5 Hz) and it should be assumed that the real value of the resonant frequency of Case 0 was in the range from 55 to 60 Hz. For the sake of simplicity, the resonance frequencies were determined for the power of 1 W. Based on Figure 2b, the characteristics frequency for subsequent (from 0 to 5) cases was: 55; 55; 60; 60; 55; and 65 Hz.
The determined characteristic frequency was the natural frequency. The natural frequency of the synthetic jet actuator is the function of the diaphragm spring constant, the diaphragm mass, the mass of the air in the actuator orifices, and the diameter of the cavity and the orifice [22,33,35]. However, some investigations showed that the natural frequency was dependent also on the cavity volume [30,36] but only to a minor extent. Therefore, the natural frequency should be the same or close to each other in all investigated cases.
The change of characteristic frequency in cases 2 and 3 was not surprising. The pyramid acoustic foam was used in these cases and keeping the same cavity volume was very difficult. This may have influenced the frequency value. The change of the characteristic frequency in case 5 was harder to explain.
The surface of the mineral wool is almost flat, and the cavity volume is the same as in cases 0, 1, and 4. The explanation for this may be the air volume which was closed in the mineral wool. This volume can increase the volume of the air in the actuator cavity. The thickness of the wool is the biggest and the volume of air trapped in the soundproofing (in case 5) was the biggest. Therefore, in this case, it can have an impact on the resonant frequency.
The value of the resistance in case 5 was also much bigger than in other cases. That shows that the operation parameter of the loudspeaker deviated from the parameters in other cases. The pressure in the actuator cavity alternately increased and decreased in a sinusoidal manner [37]. The mineral wool can behave in such conditions as a spring or a damper, which can also influence the obtained characteristics. However, this and previous assumptions should be verified in future research.

3.2. Sound Pressure Level

Figure 3 presents the SPL as a function of frequency. The SPL at different real power for case 0 is presented in Figure 3a. The SPL increased with the frequency and the measured curves had the same course regardless of the power. Therefore, only the SPL at the real power of 4 W for all cases is shown in Figure 3b. Figure 3b was hardly legible due to the amount of data presented. For this reason, the SPL for cases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 decreased by SPL for case 0 is presented in Figure 4. The positive value in Figure 4 means that the SPL generated by the actuator was higher than the SPL for case 0, at the same frequency. The negative value means that the generated noise was lower than in case 0. It should be also noted that the accuracy of measurements was ±1.4 dB.
The SPL generated by the SJA with the soundproofing in the cavity was generally similar to or higher than the SPL generated by the SJA without soundproofing at the frequency in the range of 20 to 120 Hz. The highest difference was obtained for case 5 which generated noise even 7 dBA lower than case 0 at the frequency of 145 Hz. The SJA is operated usually at the resonant frequency and any soundproofing type did not reduce the actuator noise at this frequency. Since the soundproofing at the low frequency can increase the noise generated by the actuator the use of this is discouraged. However, significant noise reduction at the higher frequencies suggests that the use of soundproofing in the actuator cavity may be appropriate at the Helmholtz frequency which is usually higher than the natural frequency. It should be investigated. However, the acoustic SJA operated generally at the natural frequency at which the velocity of SJ is significantly higher than when SJA operated at Helmholtz frequency [30,36,38,39]. Therefore, this investigation should be carried out with the piezoelectrics SJA which operated at Helmholtz frequency [40].

4. Conclusions

In the paper, the SJA with soundproofing in the cavity was tested. Firstly, the resistance of the actuator was determined at constant power and frequency range from 20 to 150 Hz. The resonant frequency was determined. Secondly, the SPL was tested in the same conditions. The impact of the five different types of soundproofing on generated noise was presented.
The soundproofing in the cavity had no impact on the resonant frequency except in case 5, in which the mineral wool was used. The authors believe it could have been caused by the large volume of air closed in the wool or wool susceptibility to pressure changes in the cavity. However, it should be investigated in the future.
The actuators with soundproofing in the cavity generated similar to or higher noise than the classic actuator at a frequency below 120 Hz. Only case 5 with the mineral wool significantly reduced the noise of the actuator even by about 7 dBA at a frequency above 120 Hz. For this reason, the use of soundproofing in the cavity is not recommended in the case of acoustic SJA. However, it should be checked whether this method of noise reduction will work at higher frequencies, e.g., for actuators operating at Helmholtz frequency.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, formal analysis, writing—review and editing, E.S. and M.M.; methodology, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, E.S.; software, validation, investigation, resources M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Center for Research and Development, Poland. Grant No.: LIDER/6/0024/L-10/18/NCBR/2019.

Data Availability Statement

Some or all data generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Fluids 07 00323 g001
Figure 1. The synthetic jet actuator: (a) the compound actuator for Case 0; (b) the top part of the actuator body with the soundproofing filling; (c) the schema of the actuator.
Figure 1. The synthetic jet actuator: (a) the compound actuator for Case 0; (b) the top part of the actuator body with the soundproofing filling; (c) the schema of the actuator.
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Figure 2. Resistance vs. frequency: (a) Case 0 at the different real power; (b) different cases at the real power P = 1 W.
Figure 2. Resistance vs. frequency: (a) Case 0 at the different real power; (b) different cases at the real power P = 1 W.
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Figure 3. SPL vs. frequency: (a) Case 0 at the different real power; (b) different cases at the real power P = 4 W.
Figure 3. SPL vs. frequency: (a) Case 0 at the different real power; (b) different cases at the real power P = 4 W.
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Figure 4. SPL differences between case 0 and other cases, where X   ϵ   1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 .
Figure 4. SPL differences between case 0 and other cases, where X   ϵ   1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 .
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Table 1. The tested type of the soundproofing.
Table 1. The tested type of the soundproofing.
Type of SoundproofingThe Thickness of Soundproofing, mm
Case 0Non-
Case 1cross-linked polyethylene foam (xlpe)10
Case 2pyramid acoustic foam with 32 mm high ‘pyramids’40
Case 3pyramid acoustic foam with 38 mm high ‘pyramids’55
Case 4expanded polypropylene foam (EPP)50
Case 5mineral wool100
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MDPI and ACS Style

Smyk, E.; Markowicz, M. Impact of the Soundproofing in the Cavity of the Synthetic Jet Actuator on the Generated Noise. Fluids 2022, 7, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7100323

AMA Style

Smyk E, Markowicz M. Impact of the Soundproofing in the Cavity of the Synthetic Jet Actuator on the Generated Noise. Fluids. 2022; 7(10):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7100323

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smyk, Emil, and Marek Markowicz. 2022. "Impact of the Soundproofing in the Cavity of the Synthetic Jet Actuator on the Generated Noise" Fluids 7, no. 10: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7100323

APA Style

Smyk, E., & Markowicz, M. (2022). Impact of the Soundproofing in the Cavity of the Synthetic Jet Actuator on the Generated Noise. Fluids, 7(10), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids7100323

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