Triazole-Resistance in Environmental Aspergillus fumigatus in Latin American and African Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Environmental Sample Collection
2.2. Triazole Antifungals Resistance Screening
2.3. Triazole-Resistance Phenotype Determination and Cyp51A Gene Sequencing
2.4. Genotyping Samples
2.5. Fungicide Concentrations in Environmental Samples
3. Results
3.1. Triazole-Resistance in A. fumigatus Analysis
3.1.1. Mexico
3.1.2. Paraguay
3.1.3. Peru
3.1.4. Benin
3.1.5. Nigeria
3.2. Genetic Relatedness Analysis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Samples (No.) | % of Total Samples | % of A. fumigatus Positive Culture Samples |
---|---|---|---|
Mexico | |||
Total samples | 198 | ||
Growth any fungi | 172 | 87.0 | |
A. fumigatus species | 102 | 51.5 | |
Triazole-resistant A. fumigatus | 7 | 3.5 | 6.9 |
Cyp51A gene mutation | 6 | 3.0 | 5.9 |
No mutation cyp51A gene mutation | 1 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Paraguay | |||
Total samples | 85 | ||
Growth any fungi | 62 | 73 | |
A. fumigatus species | 36 | 42.4 | |
Triazole-resistant A. fumigatus | 3 | 3.5 | 8.3 |
Cyp51A gene mutation | 2 | 2.4 | 5.6 |
No mutation cyp51A gene mutation | 1 | 1.2 | 2.8 |
Peru | |||
Total samples | 106 | ||
Growth any fungi | 87 | 82.1 | |
A. fumigatus species | 61 | 57.5 | |
Triazole-resistant A. fumigatus | 6 | 5.7 | 9.8 |
Cyp51A gene mutation | 6 | 5.7 | 9.8 |
No mutation cyp51A gene mutation | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Benin | |||
Total samples | 95 | ||
Growth any fungi | 86 | 90.5 | |
A. fumigatus species | 25 | 26.3 | |
Triazole-resistant A. fumigatus | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Cyp51A gene mutation | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
No mutation cyp51A gene mutation | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Nigeria | |||
Total samples | 100 | ||
Growth any fungi | 93 | 93 | |
A. fumigatus species | 46 | 46 | |
Triazole-resistant A. fumigatus | 1 | 1.0 | 2.2 |
Cyp51A gene mutation | 1 | 1.0 | 2.2 |
No mutation cyp51A gene mutation | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Country—Regions: | Sample ID Number | EUCAST MIC (mg/L) 1 | cyp51A Gene Mutation | Location 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | VCZ | POS | ITC | TEB 2 | ||||
Mexico | ||||||||
Guanajuato | 47 | 1 | 4 | 0.5 | >8 | 8 | TR34/L98H | Flower bed (U) |
Guanajuato | 48 | 1 | 4 | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | No mutation | Park (U) |
Guanajuato | 49 | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | >16 | 8 | TR34/L98H | Commercial compost (U) |
Guanajuato | 50 | 1 | 4 | 0.5 | >16 | 8 | TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I | Commercial compost (U) |
Guanajuato | 51 | 1 | 16 | 2 | >16 | 32 | TR34/L98H | Flower bed (U) |
Mexico City | 52 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | >16 | 16 | TR34/L98H | Greenhouse (U) |
Mexico City | 53 | 0.5 | >16 | 0.5 | 1 | 16 | TR46/Y121F/T289A | Flower bed (U) |
Paraguay | ||||||||
Asunción | 95 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | 1 | 4 | F46Y, M172V, E427K | Flower bed (U) |
Asunción | 96 | 1 | 4 | 0.25 | 1 | 2 | No mutation | Flower bed (U) |
Asunción | 97 | 1 | 2 | 0.25 | 1 | 4 | F46Y, M172V, N248T, D255E, E427K | Flower bed (U) |
Peru | ||||||||
Lima City | 66 | 1 | 2 | 1 | >16 | 8 | TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I | Agricultural field (R) |
Lima City | 67 | 1 | 8 | 1 | >16 | 16 | TR34/L98H | Agricultural field (R) |
Lima City | 68 | 0.25 | 8 | 1 | >16 | 16 | TR34/L98H | Park (U) |
Lima City | 69 | 0.5 | 8 | 1 | >16 | 16 | TR34/L98H | Flower bed (U) |
Lima City | 70 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | >16 | 32 | TR34/L98H | Agricultural field (R) |
Lima City | 71 | 0.5 | 8 | 1 | >16 | 64 | TR34/L98H | Commercial compost (U) |
Nigeria | ||||||||
Lagos Ibadan | 90 | 1 | 2 | 0.25 | 4 | 4 | M172V | Flower bed (U) |
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Resendiz-Sharpe, A.; Dewaele, K.; Merckx, R.; Bustamante, B.; Vega-Gomez, M.C.; Rolon, M.; Jacobs, J.; Verweij, P.E.; Maertens, J.; Lagrou, K. Triazole-Resistance in Environmental Aspergillus fumigatus in Latin American and African Countries. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040292
Resendiz-Sharpe A, Dewaele K, Merckx R, Bustamante B, Vega-Gomez MC, Rolon M, Jacobs J, Verweij PE, Maertens J, Lagrou K. Triazole-Resistance in Environmental Aspergillus fumigatus in Latin American and African Countries. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(4):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040292
Chicago/Turabian StyleResendiz-Sharpe, Agustin, Klaas Dewaele, Rita Merckx, Beatriz Bustamante, Maria Celeste Vega-Gomez, Miriam Rolon, Jan Jacobs, Paul E. Verweij, Johan Maertens, and Katrien Lagrou. 2021. "Triazole-Resistance in Environmental Aspergillus fumigatus in Latin American and African Countries" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7040292