Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Tempranillo Red Wine Quality in Batch and Flow Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wine and APCP Treatments
2.2. Analysis of Physical and Color Parameters
2.3. Analysis of Anthocyanins and Vitisins by HPLC
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impact of APCP Treatments on Physical and Color Parameters
3.2. Impact of APCP Treatments on Anthocyanin and Vitisins Contents
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Power (W) | Batch | Wine Flow (mL/h) | Volume (mL) | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B60 | 60 | Yes | No | 100 | 0,1,3,5,10 |
B90 | 90 | Yes | No | 100 | 0,1,3,5,10 |
LF60 | 60 | No | 1.2 | 750 | 0,10,15,20,25 |
HF60 | 60 | No | 2.4 | 750 | 0,10,15,20,25 |
LF90 | 90 | No | 1.2 | 750 | 0,10,15,20,25 |
HF90 | 90 | No | 2.4 | 750 | 0,10,15,20,25 |
Treatment | Time (min) | T (°C) | pH | C (µS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B60 | 0 | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 3.77 ± 0.00 ab | 1750 ± 0 a |
1 | 21.3 ± 0.0 | 3.93 ± 0.19 b | 1760 ± 17 a | |
3 | 21.1 ± 0.0 | 3.93 ± 0.10 b | 1787 ± 6 ab | |
5 | 21.0 ± 0.0 | 3.89 ± 0.04 b | 1830 ± 30 b | |
10 | 19.9 ± 0.0 | 3.61 ± 0.00 a | 1903 ± 25 c | |
B90 | 0 | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 3.77 ± 0.00 | 1750 ± 0 b |
1 | 21.3 ± 0.0 | 3.85 ± 0.27 | 1730 ± 0 a | |
3 | 21.2 ± 0.0 | 3.60 ± 0.03 | 1770 ± 10 c | |
5 | 21.0 ± 0.0 | 3.66 ± 0.07 | 1847 ± 12 d | |
10 | 22.0 ± 0.0 | 3.69 ± 0.15 | 1923 ± 6 e | |
LF60 | 0 | 20.0 ± 0.1 | 3.69 ± 0.02 | 1873 ± 15 |
5 | 19.9 ± 0.1 | 3.70 ± 0.02 | 1867 ± 12 | |
10 | 19.8 ± 0.1 | 3.71 ± 0.03 | 1850 ± 10 | |
15 | 19.7 ± 0.1 | 3.62 ± 0.02 | 1793 ± 57 | |
20 | 19.6 ± 0.2 | 3.69 ± 0.09 | 1553 ± 453 | |
25 | 19.7 ± 0.4 | 3.72 ± 0.07 | 1460 ± 624 | |
HF60 | 0 | 19.7 ± 0.3 ab | 3.47 ± 0.30 | 1590 ± 243 |
5 | 19.5 ± 0.2 a | 3.38 ± 0.30 | 1583 ± 240 | |
10 | 19.7 ± 0.1 a | 3.47 ± 0.23 | 1560 ± 217 | |
15 | 19.9 ± 0.0 ab | 3.49 ± 0.25 | 1517 ± 168 | |
20 | 20.2 ± 0.1 bc | 3.53 ± 0.20 | 1450 ± 280 | |
25 | 20.4 ± 0.1 c | 3.58 ± 0.13 | 1213 ± 68 | |
LF90 | 0 | 20.0 ± 0.3 ab | 3.60 ± 0.06 | 1460 ± 52 |
5 | 19.7 ± 0.5 a | 3.55 ± 0.11 | 1460 ± 10 | |
10 | 20.1 ± 0.6 ab | 3.56 ± 0.07 | 1457 ± 12 | |
15 | 20.2 ± 0.3 ab | 3.46 ± 0.13 | 1447 ± 6 | |
20 | 20.7 ± 0.3 ab | 3.47 ± 0.14 | 1367 ± 42 | |
25 | 20.9 ± 0.3 b | 3.52 ± 0.09 | 1343 ± 93 | |
HF90 | 0 | 20.7 ± 0.2 b | 3.70 ± 0.05 | 1755 ± 5 b |
5 | 20.3 ± 0.2 a | 3.70 ± 0.07 | 1760 ± 10 b | |
10 | 20.7 ± 0.2 b | 3.74 ± 0.08 | 1740 ± 20 b | |
15 | 21.1 ± 0.1 c | 3.79 ± 0.13 | 1737 ± 15 b | |
20 | 21.5 ± 0.1 d | 3.81 ± 0.14 | 1617 ± 47 a | |
25 | 21.8 ± 0.1 d | 3.81 ± 0.15 | 1560 ± 20 a |
Treatment | Time (min) | CI | Hue | TP (mg/L Gallic Acid) |
---|---|---|---|---|
B60 | 0 | 6.50 ± 0.00 a | 0.599 ± 0.00 d | 1067 ± 71 a |
1 | 8.30 ± 0.05 ab | 0.579 ± 0.00 c | 1120 ± 8 ab | |
3 | 8.37 ± 0.01 ab | 0.571 ± 0.00 b | 1132 ± 14 ab | |
5 | 8.42 ± 0.05 ab | 0.567 ± 0.00 a | 1140 ± 11 ab | |
10 | 8.47 ± 0.08 b | 0.563 ± 0.00 a | 1170 ± 24 b | |
B90 | 0 | 6.50 ± 0.00 a | 0.599 ± 0.00 d | 1067 ± 71 |
1 | 7.36 ± 0.02 b | 0.592 ± 0.00 cd | 1132 ± 26 | |
3 | 7.66 ± 0.04 c | 0.587 ± 0.00 bc | 1145 ± 30 | |
5 | 7.94 ± 0.02 d | 0.581 ± 0.00 b | 1155 ± 22 | |
10 | 8.24 ± 0.17 e | 0.564 ± 0.01a | 1194 ± 26 | |
LF60 | 0 | 6.72 ± 0.15 a | 0.590 ± 0.01 | 1044 ± 29 |
5 | 6.94 ± 0.05 ab | 0.592 ± 0.01 | 1049 ± 55 | |
10 | 6.98 ± 0.16 ab | 0.587 ± 0.01 | 1063 ± 33 | |
15 | 7.05 ± 0.12 ab | 0.585 ± 0.01 | 1081 ± 45 | |
20 | 7.08 ± 0.10 ab | 0.581 ± 0.01 | 1077 ± 16 | |
25 | 7.19 ± 0.15 b | 0.581 ± 0.01 | 1066 ± 12 | |
HF60 | 0 | 7.47 ± 0.56 | 0.593 ± 0.01 | 1062 ± 59 |
5 | 7.54 ± 0.54 | 0.592 ± 0.01 | 1058 ± 66 | |
10 | 7.56 ± 0.51 | 0.589 ± 0.01 | 1062 ± 56 | |
15 | 7.64 ± 0.54 | 0.589 ± 0.01 | 1084 ± 60 | |
20 | 7.72 ± 0.51 | 0.586 ± 0.00 | 1067 ± 13 | |
25 | 7.78 ± 0.55 | 0.583 ± 0.00 | 1105 ± 41 | |
LF90 | 0 | 7.82 ± 0.06 | 0.588 ± 0.00 | 1087 ± 81 |
5 | 7.89 ± 0.10 | 0.590 ± 0.00 | 1070 ± 70 | |
10 | 7.91 ± 0.12 | 0.593 ± 0.00 | 1078 ± 71 | |
15 | 7.97 ± 0.02 | 0.587 ± 0.00 | 1089 ± 62 | |
20 | 8.00 ± 0.06 | 0.587 ± 0.00 | 1041 ± 8 | |
25 | 8.02 ± 0.06 | 0.585 ± 0.00 | 1052 ± 19 | |
HF90 | 0 | 6.49 ± 0.03 a | 0.608 ± 0.00 c | 1087 ± 81 |
5 | 6.66 ± 0.05 b | 0.604 ± 0.01 bc | 1097 ± 48 | |
10 | 6.75 ± 0.02 bc | 0.599 ± 0.00 abc | 1103 ± 51 | |
15 | 6.84 ± 0.06 cd | 0.599 ± 0.00 abc | 1108 ± 57 | |
20 | 6.95 ± 0.04 d | 0.595 ± 0.00 ab | 1087 ± 54 | |
25 | 7.09 ± 0.04 e | 0.593 ± 0.00 a | 1101 ± 42 |
Treatment | Time (min) | Dp-3-glc | Cn-3-glc | Pt-3-glc | Pn-3-glc | Mv-3-glc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B60 | 0 | 13.2 ± 0.5 a | 2.97 ± 0.03 b | 20.3 ± 0.5 a | 7.64 ± 0.32 | 139 ± 5 a |
1 | 14.1 ± 0.1 b | 2.89 ± 0.02 ab | 22.3 ± 0.2 b | 7.90 ± 0.13 | 149 ± 2 b | |
3 | 14.0 ± 0.2 ab | 2.91 ± 0.05 ab | 21.8 ± 0.1 b | 7.82 ± 0.06 | 148 ± 1 b | |
5 | 14.2 ± 0.2 b | 2.86 ± 0.02 a | 22.1 ± 0.3 b | 8.05 ± 0.05 | 150 ± 1 b | |
10 | 14.2 ± 0.4 b | 2.92 ± 0.05 ab | 22.2 ± 0.4 b | 7.94 ± 0.26 | 149 ± 3 b | |
B90 | 0 | 13.2 ± 0.5 a | 2.97 ± 0.03 | 20.3 ± 0.5 a | 7.64 ± 0.32 | 139 ± 5 |
1 | 14.3 ± 0.4 b | 2.98 ± 0.07 | 22.2 ± 0.5 c | 8.09 ± 0.34 | 147 ± 2 | |
3 | 13.7 ± 0.1 ab | 2.94 ± 0.04 | 21.3 ± 0.2 abc | 7.60 ± 0.09 | 144 ± 1 | |
5 | 13.4 ± 0.5 ab | 3.01 ± 0.02 | 20.9 ± 0.5 bc | 7.53 ± 0.20 | 142 ± 4 | |
10 | 13.9 ± 0.3 ab | 2.96 ± 0.04 | 21.8 ± 0.4 ab | 7.83 ± 0.19 | 146 ± 3 | |
LF60 | 0 | 10.4 ± 0.6 | 2.90 ± 0.08 | 16.8 ± 0.8 | 6.55 ± 0.33 b | 113 ± 6 b |
5 | 10.3 ± 0.5 | 2.90 ± 0.05 | 16.5 ± 0.4 | 6.47 ± 0.10 ab | 112 ± 2 ab | |
15 | 10.1 ± 0.5 | 2.96 ± 0.11 | 16.0 ± 0.5 | 6.34 ± 0.19 ab | 110 ± 3 ab | |
25 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 2.96 ± 0.08 | 15.4 ± 0.5 | 5.95 ± 0.21 a | 102 ± 4 a | |
HF60 | 0 | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 2.91 ± 0.08 | 17.3 ± 1.3 | 6.63 ± 0.39 | 118 ± 9 |
5 | 11.2 ± 0.5 | 2.90 ± 0.11 | 17.9 ± 1.0 | 6.85 ± 0.40 | 121 ± 6 | |
15 | 11.2 ± 0.5 | 2.97 ± 0.07 | 17.6 ± 0.9 | 6.68 ± 0.36 | 119 ± 6 | |
25 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 17.2 ± 1.5 | 6.32 ± 0.44 | 114 ± 10 | |
LF90 | 0 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 2.84 ± 0.05 | 16.2 ± 0.2 | 6.31 ± 0.16 | 109 ± 2 |
5 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 2.87 ± 0.04 | 17.6 ± 0.9 | 6.61 ± 0.19 | 118 ± 5 | |
15 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 2.91 ± 0.04 | 17.5 ± 0.4 | 6.62 ± 0.15 | 118 ± 5 | |
25 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 2.89 ± 0.11 | 16.9 ± 0.8 | 6.42 ± 0.16 | 114 ± 5 | |
LF90 | 0 | 13.2 ± 0.5 | 2.97 ± 0.03 | 20.3 ± 0.5 | 7.64 ± 0.32 | 139 ± 5 |
5 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 3.00 ± 0.01 | 20.9 ± 0.5 | 7.70 ± 0.15 | 142 ± 3 | |
15 | 12.9 ± 0.3 | 3.04 ± 0.08 | 20.5 ± 0.8 | 7.50 ± 0.27 | 138 ± 5 | |
25 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 2.99 ± 0.02 | 20.0 ± 0.5 | 7.27 ± 0.18 | 151 ± 25 |
Treatment | Time (min) | Acetylated | Coumaroylated | Caffeoylated | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dp-3-acglc | Pt-3-acglc | Pn-3-acglc | Mv-3-acglc | Cn-3-cmglc | Dp-3-cmglc | Pt-3-cmglc | Pn-3-cmglc | Mv-3-Cis-cmglc | Mv-3-Trans-cmglc | Mv-3-cfGlc | ||
B60 | 0 | 2.64 ± 0.05 | 3.28 ± 0.05 a | 2.34 ± 0.02 | 7.87 ± 0.25 a | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.05 a | 3.26 ± 0.10 a | 3.73 ± 0.09 a | 3.57 ± 0.11 ab | 10.54 ± 0.64 a | 2.69 ± 0.03 a |
1 | 2.61 ± 0.04 | 3.36 ± 0.03 ab | 2.35 ± 0.01 | 8.47 ± 0.09 b | 2.37 ± 0.06 | 3.64 ± 0.14 b | 3.46 ± 0.10 b | 3.75 ± 0.10 ab | 3.60 ± 0.06 ab | 11.45 ± 0.17 ab | 2.71 ± 0.01 ab | |
3 | 2.62 ± 0.01 | 3.40 ± 0.01 b | 2.33 ± 0.02 | 8.37 ± 0.06 b | 2.35 ± 0.02 | 3.48 ± 0.03 ab | 3.47 ± 0.04 b | 3.97 ± 0.09 b | 3.57 ± 0.03 ab | 11.80 ± 0.17 b | 2.73 ± 0.03 ab | |
5 | 2.63 ± 0.05 | 3.46 ± 0.04 b | 2.35 ± 0.01 | 8.38 ± 0.06 b | 2.35 ± 0.03 | 3.54 ± 0.08 ab | 3.36 ± 0.07 ab | 3.76 ± 0.09 ab | 3.46 ± 0.14 a | 11.23 ± 0.08 ab | 2.75 ± 0.06 ab | |
10 | 2.67 ± 0.02 | 3.44 ± 0.07 b | 2.33 ± 0.02 | 8.27 ± 0.12 b | 2.32 ± 0.00 | 3.52 ± 0.12 ab | 3.38 ± 0.02 ab | 3.86 ± 0.04 ab | 3.72 ± 0.07 b | 11.50 ± 0.40 b | 2.77 ± 0.02 b | |
B90 | 0 | 2.64 ± 0.05 | 3.28 ± 0.05 a | 2.34 ± 0.02 | 7.87 ± 0.25 a | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.05 a | 3.26 ± 0.10 | 3.73 ± 0.09 | 3.57 ± 0.11 | 10.54 ± 0.64 a | 2.69 ± 0.03 |
1 | 2.63 ± 0.03 | 3.47 ± 0.07 b | 2.34 ± 0.03 | 8.56 ± 0.18 b | 2.30 ± 0.01 | 3.54 ± 0.10 b | 3.41 ± 0.05 | 3.87 ± 0.15 | 3.61 ± 0.09 | 11.45 ± 0.73 b | 2.71 ± 0.06 | |
3 | 2.65 ± 0.03 | 3.34 ± 0.03 ab | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 8.19 ± 0.01 ab | 2.31 ± 0.02 | 3.42 ± 0.06 ab | 3.25 ± 0.04 | 3.80 ± 0.16 | 3.63 ± 0.03 | 10.91 ± 0.46 ab | 2.69 ± 0.01 | |
5 | 2.71 ± 0.07 | 3.28 ± 0.05 ab | 2.31 ± 0.03 | 8.11 ± 0.22 ab | 2.33 ± 0.01 | 3.40 ± 0.07 ab | 3.25 ± 0.04 | 3.72 ± 0.09 | 3.68 ± 0.14 | 10.74 ± 0.23 ab | 2.71 ± 0.01 | |
10 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 3.43 ± 0.09 b | 2.32 ± 0.01 | 8.21 ± 0.07 ab | 2.32 ± 0.01 | 3.43 ± 0.05 ab | 3.30 ± 0.07 | 3.72 ± 0.04 | 3.60 ± 0.10 | 10.81 ± 0.26 ab | 2.71 ± 0.01 | |
LF60 | 0 | 2.66 ± 0.08 | 3.11 ± 0.17 b | 2.30 ± 0.06 | 6.71 ± 0.28 | 2.30 ± 0.01 | 2.92 ± 0.04 | 2.92 ± 0.06 | 3.28 ± 0.21 | 3.61 ± 0.17 | 8.30 ± 0.73 | 2.55 ± 0.06 |
5 | 2.61 ± 0.02 | 2.97 ± 0.14 ab | 2.24 ± 0.02 | 6.58 ± 0.13 | 2.26 ± 0.01 | 2.96 ± 0.02 | 2.90 ± 0.06 | 3.28 ± 0.05 | 3.62 ± 0.09 | 8.13 ± 0.24 | 2.57 ± 0.04 | |
15 | 2.64 ± 0.09 | 2.98 ± 0.03 ab | 2.31 ± 0.06 | 6.64 ± 0.19 | 2.25 ± 0.04 | 2.90 ± 0.07 | 2.90 ± 0.04 | 3.25 ± 0.21 | 3.65 ± 0.06 | 8.13 ± 0.69 | 2.51 ± 0.02 | |
25 | 2.63 ± 0.05 | 2.93 ± 0.02 a | 2.28 ± 0.03 | 6.41 ± 0.15 | 2.26 ± 0.03 | 2.94 ± 0.02 | 2.79 ± 0.02 | 3.27 ± 0.20 | 3.74 ± 0.10 | 7.72 ± 0.51 | 2.52 ± 0.05 | |
HF60 | 0 | 2.63 ± 0.03 | 3.05 ± 0.10 | 2.29 ± 0.01 | 6.82 ± 0.46 | 2.24 ± 0.01 | 3.03 ± 0.08 | 2.93 ± 0.08 | 3.26 ± 0.09 | 3.65 ± 0.02 | 8.48 ± 0.72 | 2.52 ± 0.04 |
5 | 2.65 ± 0.03 | 3.11 ± 0.09 | 2.28 ± 0.02 | 7.04 ± 0.19 | 2.26 ± 0.01 | 3.04 ± 0.10 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 3.45 ± 0.11 | 3.62 ± 0.10 | 9.12 ± 0.81 | 2.55 ± 0.04 | |
15 | 2.63 ± 0.06 | 3.04 ± 0.07 | 2.30 ± 0.01 | 6.95 ± 0.19 | 2.26 ± 0.01 | 3.13 ± 0.06 | 2.95 ± 0.07 | 3.21 ± 0.09 | 3.61 ± 0.12 | 8.44 ± 0.40 | 2.60 ± 0.06 | |
25 | 2.63 ± 0.03 | 3.03 ± 0.13 | 2.27 ± 0.01 | 6.73 ± 0.42 | 2.24 ± 0.02 | 2.97 ± 0.07 | 2.90 ± 0.07 | 3.27 ± 0.18 | 3.68 ± 0.06 | 8.21 ± 0.96 | 2.53 ± 0.03 | |
LF90 | 0 | 2.65 ± 0.05 | 3.03 ± 0.10 | 2.27 ± 0.03 | 6.65 ± 0.22 | 2.26 ± 0.03 | 2.94 ± 0.02 | 2.81 ± 0.04 | 3.39 ± 0.14 | 3.66 ± 0.19 | 8.22 ± 0.34 | 2.50 ± 0.02 |
5 | 2.66 ± 0.07 | 3.09 ± 0.09 | 2.30 ± 0.01 | 6.71 ± 0.15 | 2.27 ± 0.03 | 3.04 ± 0.02 | 2.91 ± 0.10 | 3.36 ± 0.04 | 3.53 ± 0.14 | 8.68 ± 0.23 | 2.52 ± 0.02 | |
15 | 2.63 ± 0.05 | 3.08 ± 0.04 | 2.28 ± 0.05 | 6.79 ± 0.24 | 2.29 ± 0.04 | 3.10 ± 0.15 | 2.91 ± 0.07 | 3.44 ± 0.10 | 3.67 ± 0.14 | 8.81 ± 0.26 | 2.58 ± 0.08 | |
25 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 3.06 ± 0.10 | 2.29 ± 0.03 | 6.93 ± 0.24 | 2.26 ± 0.01 | 3.07 ± 0.07 | 2.95 ± 0.07 | 3.37 ± 0.17 | 3.61 ± 0.14 | 8.63 ± 0.54 | 2.60 ± 0.11 | |
LF90 | 0 | 2.64 ± 0.05 | 3.28 ± 0.05 | 2.34 ± 0.02 | 7.87 ± 0.25 | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | 3.26 ± 0.10 | 3.73 ± 0.09 | 3.57 ± 0.11 | 10.54 ± 0.64 | 2.69 ± 0.03 |
5 | 2.63 ± 0.05 | 3.37 ± 0.07 | 2.34 ± 0.03 | 8.24 ± 0.25 | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 3.36 ± 0.05 | 3.26 ± 0.12 | 3.69 ± 0.11 | 3.61 ± 0.10 | 10.55 ± 0.37 | 2.70 ± 0.03 | |
15 | 2.62 ± 0.03 | 3.31 ± 0.07 | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 8.03 ± 0.35 | 2.31 ± 0.01 | 3.36 ± 0.04 | 3.20 ± 0.07 | 3.60 ± 0.05 | 3.68 ± 0.08 | 10.36 ± 0.4 | 2.70 ± 0.05 | |
25 | 2.61 ± 0.01 | 3.23 ± 0.08 | 2.33 ± 0.01 | 7.92 ± 0.17 | 2.32 ± 0.02 | 3.28 ± 0.07 | 3.13 ± 0.03 | 3.60 ± 0.08 | 3.70 ± 0.06 | 9.89 ± 0.37 | 2.64 ± 0.04 |
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Sainz-García, E.; López-Alfaro, I.; Múgica-Vidal, R.; López, R.; Escribano-Viana, R.; Portu, J.; Alba-Elías, F.; González-Arenzana, L. Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Tempranillo Red Wine Quality in Batch and Flow Systems. Beverages 2019, 5, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030050
Sainz-García E, López-Alfaro I, Múgica-Vidal R, López R, Escribano-Viana R, Portu J, Alba-Elías F, González-Arenzana L. Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Tempranillo Red Wine Quality in Batch and Flow Systems. Beverages. 2019; 5(3):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030050
Chicago/Turabian StyleSainz-García, Elisa, Isabel López-Alfaro, Rodolfo Múgica-Vidal, Rosa López, Rocío Escribano-Viana, Javier Portu, Fernando Alba-Elías, and Lucía González-Arenzana. 2019. "Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Treatment on Tempranillo Red Wine Quality in Batch and Flow Systems" Beverages 5, no. 3: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030050