Analyzing COVID-19 and Air Pollution Effects on Pediatric Asthma Emergency Room Visits in Taiwan
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Coronavirus Infection since 2019
1.2. Epidemiology of Asthma
1.3. Air Pollution and Pediatric Asthma
1.4. Other Infection Decline during COVID-19 Pandemic
1.5. The Emergency Room Visits Decline during COVID-19 Pandemic
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. The Main Finding of This Study
4.2. The Change in Air Pollution
4.3. The Effect of Air Pollution in COVID-19 Period
4.4. The Preventive Policy in Post-COVID-19 Era
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area | Pre-COVID-19 | COVID-19 | Odds Ratio (95% C.I.) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 12.52% | 9.47% | 0.7558 (0.7254–0.7875) | <0.001 * |
Taipei | 12.02% | 9.09% | 0.7322 (0.6841–0.7837) | <0.001 * |
Northern | 13.71% | 10.05% | 0.703 (0.6438–0.7677) | <0.001 * |
Middle | 8.90% | 6.48% | 0.7095 (0.6310–0.7978) | <0.001 * |
Southern | 13.95% | 9.90% | 0.6776 (0.5966–0.7696) | <0.001 * |
Kaohsiung–Pingtung | 13.87% | 11.14% | 0.7788 (0.6967–0.8706) | <0.001 * |
Eastern | 17.87% | 16.71% | 0.9221 (0.7554–1.1256) | 0.4253 |
Mean (2019–2021) | Pre-COVID-19 (2019) | COVID-19 (2020–2021) | Percentage of Reduction | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 (ppb) | 1.77 ± 0.33 | 1.91 ± 0.19 | 1.7 ± 0.37 | 10.99% | 0.221 |
CO (ppm) | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.46 ± 0.82 | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 10.87% | 0.323 |
O3 (ppb) | 26.45 ± 3.69 | 25.87 ± 4.6 | 26.74 ± 3.47 | −3.36% | 0.753 |
NO2 (ppb) | 18.04 ± 3.12 | 19.38 ± 3.16 | 17.38 ± 3.08 | 10.32% | 0.337 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 25.32 ± 5.13 | 28.33 ± 6.1 | 23.81 ± 4.2 | 15.95% | 0.246 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 12.78 ± 2.8 | 13.21 ± 2.47 | 12.57 ± 3.09 | 4.84% | 0.708 |
Air temperature (°C) | 24.14 ± 4.24 | 24.11 ± 4.49 | 24.15 ± 4.43 | −0.17% | 0.987 |
Relative humidity (%) | 75.28 ± 2.57 | 75.67 ± 0.86 | 75.08 ± 3.16 | 0.78% | 0.638 |
The mean rate of season pediatric asthma ERVs (%) | 5.11 ± 1.71 | 6.43 ± 0.88 | 4.45 ± 1.66 | 30.79% | 0.023 * |
SO2 | CO | O3 | NO2 | PM10 | PM2.5 | Air Temperature | Relative Humidity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | 1 | 0.380 | 0.469 | 0.136 | 0.505 | 0.404 | −0.058 | −0.112 |
CO | 0.38 | 1 | 0.306 | 0.932 ** | 0.913 ** | 0.878 ** | −0.725 * | −0.012 |
O3 | 0.469 | 0.306 | 1 | 0.331 | 0.515 | 0.427 | −0.44 | 0.394 |
NO2 | 0.136 | 0.932 * | 0.331 | 1 | 0.831 * | 0.822 * | −0.891 ** | 0.226 |
PM10 | 0.505 | 0.913 | 0.515 | 0.831 * | 1 | 0.97 *** | −0.65 | −0.002 |
PM2.5 | 0.404 | 0.878 ** | 0.427 | 0.822 * | 0.97 *** | 1 | −0.695 | 0.106 |
Air temperature | −0.058 | −0.725 | −0.44 | −0.891 ** | −0.65 | −0.695 | 1 | −0.616 |
Relative humidity | −0.112 | −0.012 | 0.394 | 0.226 | −0.002 | 0.106 | −0.616 | 1 |
Crude Relative Risk | p | Adjusted Relative Risk | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 1.012 (95% C.I.:0.997–1.027) | 0.115 | 0.702 (95% C.I.:0.962–1.026) | 0.702 |
Ozone | 1.053 (95% C.I.:1.037–1.07) | <0.001 * | 1.094 (95% C.I.:1.095–1.12) | <0.001 * |
Air temperature | 0.981 (95% C.I.:0.971–0.992) | 0.001 * | 1.018 (95% C.I.:0.985–1.052) | 0.282 |
Relative humidity | 1.017 (95% C.I.:1.003–1.031) | 0.018 * | 0.991 (95% C.I.:0.962–1.02) | 0.536 |
COVID-19 without lock down | Reference | Reference | ||
COVID-19 with lock down | 0.674 (95% C.I.:0.593–0.766) | <0.001 * | 0.535 (95% C.I.:0.45–0.637) | <0.001 * |
CO | 3.094 (95% C.I.:1.758–5.446) | <0.001 * | ||
NO2 | 1.023 (95% C.I.:1.008–1.039) | 0.003 * | ||
PM10 | 1.019 (95% C.I.:1.008–1.031) | 0.001 * |
Pre-COVID-19 Period | Lockdown Period | p | |
---|---|---|---|
SO2 (ppb) | 1.91 ± 0.23 | 1.75 ± 0.57 | 0.751 |
CO (ppm) | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | <0.001 * |
NO2 (ppb) | 19.38 ± 3.26 | 11.22 ± 0.02 | <0.001 * |
O3 (ppb) | 25.87 ± 5.9 | 25.11 ± 3.49 | 0.821 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 28.33 ± 6.76 | 17.65 ± 0.35 | <0.001 * |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 13.21 ± 3.07 | 9.1 ± 0.57 | 0.001 * |
Air temperature (°C) | 24.11 ± 4.46 | 29.8 ± 0.71 | 0.002 * |
Relative humidity (%) | 75.67 ± 2.23 | 73 ± 1.41 | 0.156 |
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Chen, Y.-L.; Lin, Y.-Y.; Chin, P.-W.; Chen, C.-C.; Cheng, C.-G.; Cheng, C.-A. Analyzing COVID-19 and Air Pollution Effects on Pediatric Asthma Emergency Room Visits in Taiwan. Toxics 2024, 12, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010079
Chen Y-L, Lin Y-Y, Chin P-W, Chen C-C, Cheng C-G, Cheng C-A. Analyzing COVID-19 and Air Pollution Effects on Pediatric Asthma Emergency Room Visits in Taiwan. Toxics. 2024; 12(1):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010079
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yan-Lin, Yen-Yue Lin, Pi-Wei Chin, Cheng-Chueh Chen, Chun-Gu Cheng, and Chun-An Cheng. 2024. "Analyzing COVID-19 and Air Pollution Effects on Pediatric Asthma Emergency Room Visits in Taiwan" Toxics 12, no. 1: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010079
APA StyleChen, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-Y., Chin, P.-W., Chen, C.-C., Cheng, C.-G., & Cheng, C.-A. (2024). Analyzing COVID-19 and Air Pollution Effects on Pediatric Asthma Emergency Room Visits in Taiwan. Toxics, 12(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010079