Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Selection Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Study Quality Assessment
3.4. Sensitivity and Specificity
3.5. Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (sROC) Curves
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. PubMed Search
Search Name | Search Query | Type of Search | Results |
---|---|---|---|
#1 | Search ((((((sensitive and specificity[MeSH Terms])) OR (sensitivity[Title/Abstract] AND specificity[Title/Abstract] OR sensitivity[Title/Abstract] AND standard[Title/Abstract] OR specificity[Title/Abstract] OR screening[Title/Abstract] OR false positive[Title/Abstract] OR false negative[Title/Abstract] OR accuracy[Title/Abstract])) OR predictive value of tests[MeSH Terms]) OR (predictive value[Title/Abstract] OR predictive value of tests[Title/Abstract] OR predictive value of standard[Title/Abstract] OR predictive values[Title/Abstract] OR reference value[Title/Abstract] OR reference values[Title/Abstract] OR reference values[Title/Abstract] OR reference standards[Title/Abstract])) OR roc curve[MeSH Terms]) OR (roc[Title/Abstract] OR roc analyses[Title/Abstract] OR roc analysis[Title/Abstract] OR roc area[Title/Abstract] OR roc auc[Title/Abstract] OR roc characteristics[Title/Abstract] OR roc curve method[Title/Abstract] OR roc estimated[Title/Abstract] OR roc evaluation[Title/Abstract] OR likelihood ratio[Title/Abstract]) | MeSH terms Title/Abstract | 1,529,366 |
#2 | Search ((initial caries OR white spots[MeSH Terms])) OR (caries in early phase[Title/Abstract] OR initial phase of dental caries[Title/Abstract] OR first stage of tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR White Spots[Title/Abstract] OR first stage of cavities[Title/Abstract] OR decay on the surface of the teeth[Title/Abstract] OR early stages caries[Title/Abstract] OR early stages decay[Title/Abstract] OR Early stage of carious lesion[Title/Abstract] OR early tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR Early-stage tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR initial phase of tooth decay[Title/Abstract]) | MeSH terms Title/Abstract | 46,540 |
#3 | Search (((system[Title/Abstract] OR clinical[Title/Abstract] OR clinic[Title/Abstract] OR exams[Title/Abstract] OR examination[Title/Abstract] OR examinations[Title/Abstract] OR visual[Title/Abstract] OR inspection[Title/Abstract])) OR (laser fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR DIAGNOdent[Title/Abstract] OR infrared[Title/Abstract] OR diode laser fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR QLF[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative light-induced fluorescence system[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative light-induced fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR fluorescence-bases methods[Title/Abstract] OR fluorescence camera[Title/Abstract] OR VistaProof-FC[Title/Abstract] OR VistaProof[Title/Abstract])) OR (“photographic[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone based method[Title/Abstract] OR photography[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone images[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone photograph[Title/Abstract] OR oral photographic [Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based detection[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based diagnostics[Title/Abstract] OR image-based detection[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based tool[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based screening”[Title/Abstract]) | Title/Abstract | 8,967,806 |
#4 | #1 AND #2 AND #3 | 684 |
Appendix B. Cochrane Search
Search Name | Search Query | Type of Search | Results |
---|---|---|---|
#1 | Search ((((((sensitive and specificity[MeSH Terms])) OR (sensitivity[Title/Abstract] AND specificity[Title/Abstract] OR sensitivity[Title/Abstract] AND standard[Title/Abstract] OR specificity[Title/Abstract] OR screening[Title/Abstract] OR false positive[Title/Abstract] OR false negative[Title/Abstract] OR accuracy[Title/Abstract])) OR predictive value of tests[MeSH Terms]) OR (predictive value[Title/Abstract] OR predictive value of tests[Title/Abstract] OR predictive value of standard[Title/Abstract] OR predictive values[Title/Abstract] OR reference value[Title/Abstract] OR reference values[Title/Abstract] OR reference values[Title/Abstract] OR reference standards[Title/Abstract])) OR roc curve[MeSH Terms]) OR (roc[Title/Abstract] OR roc analyses[Title/Abstract] OR roc analysis[Title/Abstract] OR roc area[Title/Abstract] OR roc auc[Title/Abstract] OR roc characteristics[Title/Abstract] OR roc curve method[Title/Abstract] OR roc estimated[Title/Abstract] OR roc evaluation[Title/Abstract] OR likelihood ratio[Title/Abstract]) | MeSH terms Title/Abstract | 115,527 |
#2 | Search ((initial caries OR white spots[MeSH Terms])) OR (caries in early phase[Title/Abstract] OR initial phase of dental caries[Title/Abstract] OR first stage of tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR White Spots[Title/Abstract] OR first stage of cavities[Title/Abstract] OR decay on the surface of the teeth[Title/Abstract] OR early stages caries[Title/Abstract] OR early stages decay[Title/Abstract] OR Early stage of carious lesion[Title/Abstract] OR early tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR Early-stage tooth decay[Title/Abstract] OR initial phase of tooth decay[Title/Abstract]) | MeSH terms Title/Abstract | 2480 |
#3 | Search (((system[Title/Abstract] OR clinical[Title/Abstract] OR clinic[Title/Abstract] OR exams[Title/Abstract] OR examination[Title/Abstract] OR examinations[Title/Abstract] OR visual[Title/Abstract] OR inspection[Title/Abstract])) OR (laser fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR DIAGNOdent[Title/Abstract] OR infrared[Title/Abstract] OR diode laser fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR QLF[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative light-induced fluorescence system[Title/Abstract] OR quantitative light-induced fluorescence[Title/Abstract] OR fluorescence-bases methods[Title/Abstract] OR fluorescence camera[Title/Abstract] OR VistaProof-FC[Title/Abstract] OR VistaProof[Title/Abstract])) OR (“photographic[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone based method[Title/Abstract] OR photography[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone images[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone photograph[Title/Abstract] OR oral photographic [Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based detection[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based diagnostics[Title/Abstract] OR image-based detection[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based tool[Title/Abstract] OR smartphone-based screening”[Title/Abstract]) | Title/Abstract | 854,978 |
#4 | #1 AND #2 AND #3 | 113 |
Appendix C. Summary of Characteristics of Included Studies
Fluorescence Method | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study ID | Database | N | TP | FP | FN | TN | Method | Primary/Permanent | Tooth Surface | In Vitro/In Vivo | Reference Standard | Cut-Off Value |
Iranzo-Cortes et al. 2018 [1] | PubMed | 65 | 31 | 4 | 13 | 17 | FC | permanent | smooth | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (1–1.49); initial caries (1.5–1.99); caries enamel (2–2.49); caries dentine (2.5 or higher) |
Mansour et al. 2016 [3] | PubMed | 426 | 30 | 15 | 21 | 360 | LF pen | permanent | coronal | in vivo | visual and radiography | sound (0–13); outer half enamel (14–20); internal half enamel (21–29); dentinal (>30) |
Ozsevik et al. 2015 [4] | Cochrane | 156 | 92 | 23 | 7 | 34 | LFpen | permanent | proximal caries | in vitro frozen | histology | sound (0–9); outer half enamel (9.1–15); internal half enamel (>15) |
Zeitouny et al. 2014 [5] | PubMed | 164 | 104 | 6 | 8 | 46 | FC | permanent | occlusal | in vivo | visual | sound (shiny green); enamel (red–darker red); dentinal (dark red–red orange) |
Teo et al. 2014a [6] | PubMed | 102 | 67 | 2 | 11 | 22 | LF pen | primary | occlusal | in vivo | histology | optimal cut off D1:10 |
Teo et al. 2014a1 [6] | PubMed | 64 | 40 | 10 | 6 | 8 | LF pen | primary | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | optimal cut off D1:10 |
Achilleos et al. 2013a [7] | PubMed | 38 | 27 | 2 | 9 | 0 | LF pen | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (0–13); outer half enamel (14–20); internal half enamel (21–29); dentinal (>30) |
Achilleos et al. 2013a1 [7] | PubMed | 38 | 36 | 2 | 0 | 0 | FC | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (≤ 1); beginning enamel (1–1.5); deep enamel (2–2.5); dentinal (2.5–5) |
Seremidi et al. 2012a [9] | PubMed | 107 | 66 | 6 | 17 | 18 | LF pen | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (<9); enamel (9–44); dentinal (>=44) |
Seremidi et al. 2012a1 [9] | PubMed | 107 | 71 | 7 | 12 | 17 | FC | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (<1.3); D1 (1.30); D2 (1.41); D3 (>1.59) |
Duruturk et al. 2011 [10] | PubMed | 505 | 163 | 105 | 20 | 217 | LF | permanent | occlusal | in vivo | visual | Sound (0–14); enamel (15–20); dentinal (≥21) |
Matos et al. 2011a [11] | PubMed | 383 | 241 | 6 | 110 | 26 | LFpen | primary | occlusal | in vivo | visual inspection | sound (0–4); NC lesions (>4) |
Matos et al. 2011a1 [11] | PubMed | 383 | 156 | 3 | 195 | 29 | FC | primary | occlusal | in vivo | visual inspection | sound (0–1.1); NC lesions (>1.1) |
de Paula et al. 2011a [12] | PubMed | 64 | 40 | 0 | 16 | 8 | LF | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | sound (0–10); enamel (11–20); dentin (21–99) |
de Paula et al. 2011a1 [12] | PubMed | 64 | 31 | 0 | 25 | 8 | LF | permanent | occlusal | insitu without frozen | histology | sound (0–10); enamel (11–20); dentin (21–99) |
Visual Inspection | ||||||||||||
Study ID | Database | N | TP | FP | FN | TN | Criteria | Primary/Permanent | Tooth Surface | In Vitro/In Vivo | Reference Standard | Examiners’ Experience |
Iranzo-Cortes et al. 2018 [1] | PubMed | 65 | 35 | 4 | 9 | 17 | ICDAS II | permanent | smooth | in vitro without frozen | histology | novices with training |
Teo et al. 2014a [6] | PubMed | 102 | 71 | 7 | 7 | 17 | ICDAS | primary | occlusal | in vivo | histology | intermediate with training |
Teo, et al. 2014a1 [6] | PubMed | 64 | 41 | 7 | 5 | 11 | ICDAS | primary | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | intermediate with training |
Achilleos, et al. 2013 [7] | PubMed | 38 | 29 | 2 | 7 | 0 | ICDAS | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | experienced |
Seremidi et al. 2012a [9] | PubMed | 107 | 73 | 11 | 10 | 13 | Ekstrand | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | experienced |
de Paula, et al. 2011a [12] | PubMed | 64 | 35 | 0 | 21 | 8 | permanent | occlusal | in vitro without frozen | histology | intermediate without training | |
de Paula, et al. 2011a1 [12] | PubMed | 64 | 30 | 1 | 26 | 7 | permanent | occlusal | in situ | histology | intermediate without training |
Appendix D. The Sensitivity and Specificity of Each Study Included in the Review
Appendix D.1. Visual Inspection
Appendix D.2. Photographic Visual Examination
Appendix D.3. Fluorescence-Based Methods
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Study | Risk of Bias | Applicability | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient Selection | Index Test | Reference Standard | Flow and Timing | Patient Selection | Index Test | Reference Standard | ||||||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | n | % | |
High | 9 | 75 | 6 | 50 | 7 | 58 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Low | 3 | 15 | 4 | 33 | 3 | 25 | 11 | 92 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 |
Unclear | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 | 12 | 100 |
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Thanh, M.T.G.; Van Toan, N.; Toan, D.T.T.; Thang, N.P.; Dong, N.Q.; Dung, N.T.; Hang, P.T.T.; Anh, L.Q.; Tra, N.T.; Ngoc, V.T.N. Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dent. J. 2021, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9030030
Thanh MTG, Van Toan N, Toan DTT, Thang NP, Dong NQ, Dung NT, Hang PTT, Anh LQ, Tra NT, Ngoc VTN. Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dentistry Journal. 2021; 9(3):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9030030
Chicago/Turabian StyleThanh, Mai Thi Giang, Ngo Van Toan, Do Thi Thanh Toan, Nguyen Phu Thang, Ngoc Quang Dong, Nguyen Tien Dung, Phung Thi Thu Hang, Le Quynh Anh, Nguyen Thu Tra, and Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc. 2021. "Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Dentistry Journal 9, no. 3: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9030030
APA StyleThanh, M. T. G., Van Toan, N., Toan, D. T. T., Thang, N. P., Dong, N. Q., Dung, N. T., Hang, P. T. T., Anh, L. Q., Tra, N. T., & Ngoc, V. T. N. (2021). Diagnostic Value of Fluorescence Methods, Visual Inspection and Photographic Visual Examination in Initial Caries Lesion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dentistry Journal, 9(3), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9030030