You are currently viewing a new version of our website. To view the old version click .

Risks, Volume 13, Issue 2

February 2025 - 20 articles

Cover Story: A correlation matrix is a matrix summarising the relationship between variables and is widely used in the fields of data science, finance, and machine learning. In practice, however, the correlation matrix estimated from empirical data is rarely positive semidefinite, which makes it invalid in further calculations. To solve this problem, we present two novel methods that aid in finding the nearest correlation matrix that is positive semidefinite. The first algorithm uses iterative optimisations and benefits from great flexibility in choices of norms and user-defined constraints. The second algorithm employs a gradient descent method and is resilient to noise in data while simultaneously maintaining a good level of accuracy. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list .
  • You may sign up for email alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.

Articles (20)

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,714 Views
20 Pages

19 February 2025

This study highlights the superior performance of Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) in credit risk modeling under IFRS 9, particularly during economic uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Using granular bank-level data from Malta, spanning 2017&n...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,410 Views
27 Pages

Longevity Risk and Annuitisation Decisions in the Absence of Special-Rate Life Annuities

  • Jorge de Andrés-Sánchez and
  • Laura González-Vila Puchades

19 February 2025

Longevity risk affecting older adults can be transferred to the insurance market by purchasing a lifetime annuity. Special-rate life annuities, which are priced, among other factors, on the basis of health and lifestyle factors, go beyond traditional...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,058 Views
18 Pages

18 February 2025

This study examines the geographical spillover of the state-level average homeowners insurance cost for 48 US contiguous states. We estimate a panel spatial Durbin model with state and year fixed effect for data between 2001 and 2018. We found a sign...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,452 Views
25 Pages

Uncertainty in Pricing and Risk Measurement of Survivor Contracts

  • Kenrick Raymond So,
  • Stephanie Claire Cruz,
  • Elias Antonio Marcella,
  • Jeric Briones and
  • Len Patrick Dominic Garces

18 February 2025

As life expectancy increases, pension plans face growing longevity risk. Standardized longevity-linked securities such as survivor contracts allow pension plans to transfer this risk to capital markets. However, more consensus is needed on the approp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,365 Views
14 Pages

17 February 2025

This study investigates the relationship between cyber risks and dividend policy, as well as how boards, as a governance mechanism, affect the dividend policy under cyber risk. This study collected firm-level financing, corporate governance, and cont...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,400 Views
18 Pages

12 February 2025

In the peer-to-peer (P2P) lending market, current studies focus on two categories of approaches to evaluate the loans, thus providing investment suggestions to the investors: credit scoring (i.e., predicting the credit risk) and profit scoring (i.e.,...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,154 Views
24 Pages

10 February 2025

In this paper, we carry out a comprehensive comparison of Gaussian generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and autoregressive stochastic volatility (ARSV) models for volatility forecasting using the S&P 500 Index. In par...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,288 Views
19 Pages

8 February 2025

This study examined the relationships between financial literacy, financial product ownership, confidence in financial advisers, and confidence in retirement readiness across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. By using data from the Flash Eurobarometer...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,890 Views
24 Pages

Tax Risk and Cost of Debt: The Role of Tax Avoidance—Evidence from the Iraqi Stock Market

  • Hussen Amran Naji Al-Refiay,
  • Jasim Idan Barrak,
  • Asif Isam Elaibi Al-Tameemi and
  • Mohammadreza Pazhohi

7 February 2025

Taxes represent a significant expense for many companies, prompting a strong incentive to minimize tax liabilities through strategies known as tax avoidance. This research explores the impact of tax avoidance and tax risk disclosure on the cost of de...

of 2

Get Alerted

Add your email address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal.

XFacebookLinkedIn
Risks - ISSN 2227-9091