Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives
3.2. Neighbourhood
3.3. Migration Background
3.4. Family Status
3.5. Robustness Check
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Results
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Interpretation
4.3.1. Neighbourhood
4.3.2. Migration Background
4.3.3. Family Status
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wave 1 2018/19 | Wave 2 2019/20 | Wave 3 2020/21 | Wave 4 2021/22 | Wave 5 2022/23 | Wave 6 2023/24 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Motor problems | ||||||||||||
no | 4216 | 93.8 | 4130 | 93.4 | 2342 | 90.6 | 1323 | 89.6 | 2432 | 92.5 | 3983 | 92.5 |
yes | 279 | 6.2 | 294 | 6.6 | 242 | 9.4 | 153 | 10.4 | 197 | 7.5 | 322 | 7.5 |
total | 4495 | 100 | 4424 | 100 | 2584 | 100 | 1476 | 100 | 2629 | 100 | 4305 | 100 |
Neighbourhood deprivation | ||||||||||||
well off | 3444 | 70.9 | 2980 | 66 | 1233 | 45.3 | 584 | 33.8 | 1338 | 45.9 | 2876 | 64 |
deprived | 1413 | 29.1 | 1538 | 34 | 1490 | 54.7 | 1144 | 66.2 | 1574 | 54.1 | 1619 | 36 |
total | 4857 | 100 | 4518 | 100 | 2723 | 100 | 1728 | 100 | 2912 | 100 | 4495 | 100 |
Migration background | ||||||||||||
no | 2605 | 53.3 | 2358 | 51.7 | 1275 | 46.1 | 804 | 45.8 | 1469 | 50.0 | 2191 | 48.1 |
yes | 2286 | 46.7 | 2206 | 48.3 | 1492 | 53.9 | 950 | 54.2 | 1471 | 50.0 | 2360 | 51.9 |
Total | 4891 | 100 | 4564 | 100 | 2767 | 100 | 1754 | 100 | 2940 | 100 | 4551 | 100 |
Family status | ||||||||||||
two-parent | 4153 | 84.9 | 3843 | 84.2 | 2338 | 84.5 | 1428 | 81.4 | 2466 | 83.9 | 3866 | 84.9 |
single-parent | 738 | 15.1 | 721 | 15.8 | 429 | 15.5 | 326 | 18.6 | 474 | 16.1 | 685 | 15.1 |
total | 4891 | 100 | 4564 | 100 | 2767 | 100 | 1754 | 100 | 2940 | 100 | 4551 | 100 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
male | 2583 | 52.8 | 2345 | 51.4 | 1437 | 52 | 1004 | 57.3 | 1557 | 53.6 | 2344 | 52.1 |
female | 2307 | 47.2 | 2217 | 48.6 | 1329 | 48 | 748 | 42.7 | 1349 | 46.4 | 2157 | 47.9 |
total | 4890 | 100 | 4562 | 100 | 2766 | 100 | 1752 | 100 | 2906 | 100 | 4501 | 100 |
Motor Problems [%] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wave 1 2018/19 | Wave 2 2019/20 | Wave 6 2023/24 | AME W6 vs. W1 (p-Value) | AME W6 vs. W2 (p-Value) | |
Neighbourhood deprivation | |||||
well-off neighbourhoods (se) | 4.905 | 4.893 | 6.430 | 1.525 | 1.537 |
(0.387) | (0.404) | (0.474) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
deprived neighbourhoods (se) | 9.273 | 10.021 | 9.346 | 0.072 | −0.675 |
(0.807) | (0.781) | (0.761) | (0.947) | (0.531) | |
AME deprived vs. well off (p-value) | 4.369 | 5.128 | 2.915 | ||
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | |||
Migration background | |||||
no | 5.700 | 6.841 | 7.269 | 1.570 | 0.429 |
(se) | (0.516) | (0.543) | (0.595) | (0.044) | (0.593) |
yes | 6.909 | 6.381 | 7.451 | 0.542 | 1.070 |
(se) | (0.525) | (0.517) | (0.546) | (0.471) | (0.151) |
AME yes vs. no (p-value) | 1.210 | −0.459 | 0.182 | ||
(0.103) | (0.542) | (0.823) | |||
Family status | |||||
two-parent families | 6.119 | 6.320 | 7.123 | 1.004 | 0.803 |
(se) | (0.397) | (0.402) | (0.427) | (0.085) | (0.171) |
single-parent families | 7.470 | 8.075 | 8.550 | 1.080 | 0.475 |
(se) | (0.959) | (0.995) | (1.076) | (0.453) | (0.745) |
AME single vs. two parents (p-value) | 1.351 | 1.755 | 1.427 | ||
(0.193) | (0.102) | (0.218) | |||
N (observations) | 13,049 |
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Rigó, M.; Weyers, S. Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities? Children 2024, 11, 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080936
Rigó M, Weyers S. Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities? Children. 2024; 11(8):936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080936
Chicago/Turabian StyleRigó, Mariann, and Simone Weyers. 2024. "Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities?" Children 11, no. 8: 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080936
APA StyleRigó, M., & Weyers, S. (2024). Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities? Children, 11(8), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080936