Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. The Study Ethical Considerations
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. Anthropometric Measures
2.4.2. KTK3+ Test Battery
2.4.3. Eye–Hand Coordination Test (EHC)
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fit İndices | Good Fit | Acceptable Fit | All Sample | Boy | Girl | Age 6 | Age 7 | Age 8 | Age 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x2 “p” | p > 0.05 | - | 0.37 * | 0.29 * | 0.10 * | 0.62 * | 0.11 * | 0.22 * | 0.47 * |
x2/df | <3 | <5 | 0.99 * | 1.20 * | 2.22 * | 0.47 * | 2.18 * | 1.48 * | 0.75 * |
GFI | >0.95 | >0.90 | 0.99 * | 0.99 * | 0.99 * | 0.99 * | 0.98 * | 0.99 * | 0.99 * |
AGFI | >0.95 | >0.90 | 0.99 * | 0.98 * | 0.97 * | 0.99 * | 0.94 * | 0.96 * | 0.98 * |
CFI | >0.95 | >0.90 | 1.00 * | 0.99 * | 0.99 * | 1.00 * | 0.97 * | 0.98 * | 1.00 * |
RMSEA | <0.05 | <0.10 | 0.00 * | 0.02 * | 0.05 * | 0.00 * | 0.07 * | 0.04 * | 0.00 * |
RMR | <0.05 | <0.10 | 1.14 | 1.52 | 2.31 | 0.76 | 2.84 | 3.36 | 2.69 |
KTK3+ Test | All Sample | Boy | Girl | Age 6 | Age 7 | Age 8 | Age 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balancing backwards | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.84 |
Jumping sideways | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.88 |
Move sideways | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.67 |
EHC | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.83 |
Variables | Age Group | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Years | 7 Years | 8 Years | 9 Years | ||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Sex | Boy | 102 | 12.03 | 100 | 11.79 | 107 | 12.61 | 103 | 12.14 | 412 | 48.57 |
Girl | 135 | 15.91 | 100 | 11.79 | 100 | 11.79 | 101 | 11.94 | 436 | 51.43 | |
Total | 237 | 27.94 | 200 | 23.58 | 207 | 24.40 | 204 | 24.08 | 848 | 100 |
Variables | Sex | N | Mean ± Sd | Age | N | Mean ± Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | Boy | 412 | 129.02 ± 7.79 | 6 Years | 237 | 121.12 ± 5.59 |
7 Years | 200 | 126.11 ± 5.63 | ||||
Girl | 436 | 128.13 ± 8.76 | 8 Years | 207 | 131.66 ± 6.46 | |
9 Years | 204 | 136.46 ± 5.99 | ||||
Weight (kg) | Boy | 412 | 29.84 ± 8.65 | 6 Years | 237 | 24.12 ± 5.83 |
7 Years | 200 | 27.85 ± 6.91 | ||||
Girl | 436 | 29.42 ± 8.69 | 8 Years | 207 | 31.95 ± 8.31 | |
9 Years | 204 | 35.41 ± 8.93 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | Boy | 412 | 17.81 ± 3.46 | 6 Years | 237 | 16.51 ± 2.72 |
7 Years | 200 | 17.45 ± 3.08 | ||||
Girl | 436 | 17.63 ± 3.42 | 8 Years | 207 | 18.22 ± 3.55 | |
9 Years | 204 | 18.87 ± 3.91 |
Variables | Age Groups | Mean ± Sd | Groups | Mean ± Sd | Groups | Mean ± Sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KTKBB | 6 Years | 23.04 ± 0.90 | Boy | 28.96 ± 0.70 | With PAP | 31.40 ± 0.85 |
7 Years | 28.51 ± 1.06 | |||||
8 Years | 32.60 ± 1.02 | Girl | 30.93 ± 0.70 | Without PAP | 28.49 ± 0.50 | |
9 Years | 35.63 ± 0.92 | |||||
KTKJS | 6 Years | 31.90 ± 0.82 | Boy | 38.47 ± 0.60 | With PAP | 41.15 ± 0.73 |
7 Years | 36.93 ± 0.92 | |||||
8 Years | 40.71 ± 0.87 | Girl | 37.90 ± 0.60 | Without PAP | 35.22 ± 0.43 | |
9 Years | 43.18 ± 0.79 | |||||
KTKMS | 6 Years | 25.15 ± 0.47 | Boy | 29.19 ± 0.34 | With PAP | 29.35 ± 0.42 |
7 Years | 28.35 ± 0.52 | |||||
8 Years | 29.60 ± 0.50 | Girl | 28.18 ± 0.34 | Without PAP | 28.02 ± 0.25 | |
9 Years | 31.64 ± 0.45 | |||||
KTKEHC | 6 Years | 3.82 ± 0.82 | Boy | 16.73 ± 0.60 | With PAP | 16.70 ± 0.73 |
7 Years | 12.32 ± 0.92 | |||||
8 Years | 20.13 ± 0.88 | Girl | 13.95 ± 0.60 | Without PAP | 13.97 ± 0.43 | |
9 Years | 25.08 ± 0.79 |
Variables | Sex | Age | PAP | Sex Age | Sex PAP | Age PAP | Sex Age PAP | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | F | p-Value | η2 | |
Multivariate | 6.37 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 26.78 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 12.21 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.17 | 0.29 | - | 0.57 | 0.68 | - | 0.97 | 0.47 | - | 0.38 | 0.97 | - |
KTKBB | 3.96 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 32.85 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 8.62 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.85 | 0.13 | - | 0.24 | 0.61 | - | 0.69 | 0.55 | - | 0.29 | 0.82 | - |
KTKJS | 0.44 | 0.50 | - | 35.65 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 47.92 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.58 | - | 0.02 | 0.88 | - | 0.77 | 0.50 | - | 0.32 | 0.80 | - |
KTKMS | 4.30 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 33.83 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 7.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.21 | 0.30 | - | 0.26 | 0.60 | - | 3.10 | 0.02 | - | 0.14 | 0.93 | - |
KTKEHC | 10.52 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 128.00 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 10.14 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 | - | 1.14 | 0.28 | - | 1.14 | 0.28 | - | 0.31 | 0.81 | - |
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Canli, T.; Canli, U.; Taskin, C.; Aldhahi, M.I. Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey. Children 2023, 10, 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091524
Canli T, Canli U, Taskin C, Aldhahi MI. Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey. Children. 2023; 10(9):1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091524
Chicago/Turabian StyleCanli, Tulay, Umut Canli, Cuneyt Taskin, and Monira I. Aldhahi. 2023. "Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey" Children 10, no. 9: 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091524
APA StyleCanli, T., Canli, U., Taskin, C., & Aldhahi, M. I. (2023). Motor Coordination in Primary School Students: The Role of Age, Sex, and Physical Activity Participation in Turkey. Children, 10(9), 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091524