Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish HLS-COVID-Q22 Questionnaire for Measuring Health Literacy on COVID-19 in Peru
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.1.1. Linguistic Translation
2.1.2. Psychometric Analysis
2.2. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Linguistic Adaptation
3.2. Psychometric Properties
3.2.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2.2. Fit Indices and the Validity of the Internal Structure
3.2.3. Reliability
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of the Linguistic Adaptation of the HL Instrument
4.2. Discussion of the Psychometric Testing of the HL Instrument
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Original: 04 Factors and 22 Items | Respecified: 04 Factors and 18 Items |
---|---|
Factor 1: 6 items (1,2,3,4,5,6) | Factor 1: 5 items (1,3,4,5,6) |
Factor 2: 6 items (7,8,9,10,11,12) | Factor 2: 4 items (7,9,10,11) |
Factor 3: 5 items (13,14,15,16,17) | Factor 3: 4 items (13,14,15,16,17) |
Factor 4: 5 items (18,19,20,21,22) | Factor 4: 5 items (18,19,21,22) |
Adjustment | Absolute Fit | Incremental Fit | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | X2/gl | RMSEA | GFI | SRMR | NFI | CFI | TLI | |
Model 1 | Original | 4.461 | 0.084 (0.079–0.090) | 0.977 | 0.078 | 0.964 | 0.972 | 0.968 |
Model 2 | Respecified | 2.969 | 0.063 (0.056–0.071) | 0.984 | 0.063 | 0.969 | 0.979 | 0.976 |
Factor | Indicator | λ | Resid-e | α | Ord-α | Ω | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.82 | |||
Q1 | 0.69 | 0.53 | |||||
Q3 | 0.43 | 0.82 | |||||
Q4 | 0.75 | 0.43 | |||||
Q5 | 0.78 | 0.40 | |||||
Q6 | 0.78 | 0.39 | |||||
Understand | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.76 | |||
Q7 | 0.71 | 0.50 | |||||
Q9 | 0.54 | 0.71 | |||||
Q10 | 0.67 | 0.55 | |||||
Q11 | 0.75 | 0.43 | |||||
Appraise | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.77 | |||
Q13 | 0.51 | 0.74 | |||||
Q14 | 0.77 | 0.41 | |||||
Q15 | 0.74 | 0.46 | |||||
Q16 | 0.67 | 0.55 | |||||
Q17 | 0.50 | 0.75 | |||||
Apply | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.76 | |||
Q18 | 0.7 | 0.51 | |||||
Q19 | 0.75 | 0.44 | |||||
Q21 | 0.71 | 0.49 | |||||
Q22 | 0.50 | 0.76 |
Baseline Test | Difference Test | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIC | BIC | n | χ2 | df | p | Δχ2 | Δdf | p | |
Model 1 | 15,011.942 | 15,515.270 | 490 | 562.137 | 258 | <0.001 | |||
Model 2 | 15,011.267 | 15,455.874 | 490 | 589.462 | 272 | <0.001 | 27.325 | 14 | 0.017 |
Model 3 | 14,998.792 | 15,367.900 | 490 | 612.987 | 290 | <0.001 | 23.525 | 18 | 0.171 |
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Caipa-Ramos, M.; Werner-Masters, K.; Quispe-Prieto, S.; Paucar-Cáceres, A.; Nina-Chipana, R. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish HLS-COVID-Q22 Questionnaire for Measuring Health Literacy on COVID-19 in Peru. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151903
Caipa-Ramos M, Werner-Masters K, Quispe-Prieto S, Paucar-Cáceres A, Nina-Chipana R. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish HLS-COVID-Q22 Questionnaire for Measuring Health Literacy on COVID-19 in Peru. Healthcare. 2025; 13(15):1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151903
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaipa-Ramos, Manuel, Katarzyna Werner-Masters, Silvia Quispe-Prieto, Alberto Paucar-Cáceres, and Regina Nina-Chipana. 2025. "Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish HLS-COVID-Q22 Questionnaire for Measuring Health Literacy on COVID-19 in Peru" Healthcare 13, no. 15: 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151903
APA StyleCaipa-Ramos, M., Werner-Masters, K., Quispe-Prieto, S., Paucar-Cáceres, A., & Nina-Chipana, R. (2025). Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish HLS-COVID-Q22 Questionnaire for Measuring Health Literacy on COVID-19 in Peru. Healthcare, 13(15), 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151903