Risk of Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Physically Active Population under-70 Years Old—Spanish Health Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Applications
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Description |
---|---|
Sex | Male or female |
Body mass index (BMI) groups | Grouped as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2), obese (≥30 kg/m2). |
Hypertension status | Extracted item Q.25a.1 “Do you suffer, or have you ever suffered from hypertension?”. Answer: “Yes”, “No”, “I don’t know” or “Don’t answer”. |
Age groups | The participants were grouped in the following age ranges: Young (15–34 years), Young adults (35–49 years), Older adults (50–64 years) and Older (65–69 years). |
Use of antihypertensive drugs | Obtained from answers to items Q.85 “During the past 2 weeks, have you taken any drugs prescribed to you by a doctor?” Answer: “Yes” or “No”; and Q.87a.12 “In the following, I will read you a list of types of drugs, please tell which one(s) you have taken in the last 2 weeks, and which ones have been prescribed to you by the doctor: Blood pressure medicines?” Answers: “Yes”, “No”, “I don’t know” or “Don’t answer”. Participants were grouped into: Yes (who answered “yes” to items Q.85 and Q.85a.12) or No (who answered “no” to item Q.85, and who answered “yes” to item Q.85 and “no” to item Q.87a.12. |
Physical activity level (PAL) | This variable grouped the participants according to the PA reported in the SNHS2017. For this purpose, a PA index (PAI) was created with the answers given to items Q.113–Q.117 (Q.113 “First of all, think about the intense activities you have done in the last 7 days. Intense activities are those that require a lot of physical exertion and make you breathe much harder than normal, such as heavy lifting, digging, aerobic exercise or fast cycling. Think only of those that you did for at least 10 min at a time.”—“Days per week of Vigorous PA”; Q.114 “Average duration of Vigorous PA performed in a week”; Q.115 “Now please think of all those moderate activities you have done in the last 7 days. Moderate activities are those that require moderate physical exertion that makes you breathe a little harder than normal, such as carrying light weights, cycling at regular speed or playing doubles tennis. Think only of those you did for at least 10 min at a time.”—“Days per week of Moderate PA”; Q.116 “Average duration of Moderate PA performed in a week” and Q.117 “Days in a week that they walk, less than 10 min in a row”), this PAI was described by previous studies [37,38]. The PAI could take values between 0 and 67.5, the groups were as follows: Inactive (PAI = 0 and Q.117 = 0); Walkers (PAI = 0 and Q.117 > 0); Active (PAI between 1 and 30) and Very Active (PAI > 30). |
Characteristic | Hypertension | No Hypertension | χ2 | df | p | ES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 3228 | (18.2%) | 14,468 | (81.8%) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Sex | φ | |||||||
Men | 1713 | (20.2%) a | 6762 | (79.8%) | 42.4 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.049 |
Women | 1515 | (16.4%) b | 7706 | (83.6%) | ||||
Age (years) | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
15–34 | 103 | (2.7%) a | 3764 | (97.3%) | 2436.0 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.371 |
35–49 | 569 | (9.2%) b | 5600 | (90.8%) | ||||
50–64 | 1744 | (29.3%) c | 4207 | (70.7%) | ||||
65–69 | 812 | (47.5%) d | 897 | (52.5%) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
<18.5 | 13 | (3.1%) a | 401 | (96.9%) | 1390.8 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.284 |
[18.5–25) | 664 | (8.6%) b | 7092 | (91.4%) | ||||
[25–30) | 1340 | (21.6%) c | 4850 | (78.4%) | ||||
≥30 | 1094 | (38.5%) d | 1746 | (61.5%) | ||||
PAL | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
Inactive | 538 | (21.2%) a | 1994 | (78.8%) | 285.4 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.127 |
Walkers | 1808 | (22.4%) a | 6250 | (77.6%) | ||||
Active | 661 | (13.5%) b | 4226 | (86.5%) | ||||
Very Active | 221 | (10.0%) c | 1998 | (90.0%) |
Characteristic | Antihypertensives | No-Antihypertensives | χ2 | df | p | ES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 2591 | (14.6%) | 15,104 | (85.4%) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Sex | φ | |||||||
Men | 1400 a | (16.5%) | 7074 | (83.5%) | 45.9 | 1 | <0.001 | 0.051 |
Women | 1191 b | (12.9%) | 8030 | (87.1%) | ||||
Age (years) | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
15–34 | 18 a | (0.5%) | 3849 | (99.5%) | 2831.3 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.400 |
35–49 | 322 b | (5.2%) | 5847 | (94.8%) | ||||
50–64 | 1479 c | (24.9%) | 4471 | (75.1%) | ||||
65–69 | 772 d | (45.2%) | 937 | (54.8%) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
<18.5 | 8 a | (1.9%) | 406 | (98.1%) | 1334.8 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.279 |
[18.5–25) | 458 b | (5.9%) | 7297 | (94.1%) | ||||
[25–30) | 1099 c | (17.8%) | 5091 | (82.2%) | ||||
≥30 | 932 d | (32.8%) | 1908 | (67.2%) | ||||
PAL | χ2 | df | p | V | ||||
Inactive | 454 a | (17.9%) | 2078 | (82.1%) | 287.2 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.127 |
Walkers | 1474 a | (18.3%) | 6583 | (81.7%) | ||||
Active | 516 b | (10.6%) | 4371 | (89.4%) | ||||
Very Active | 147 c | (6.6%) | 2072 | (93.4%) |
Physical Activity Levels | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Inactive | Walkers | Active | Very Active | ES | |||||||
Sex | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | df | p | φ | ||||
Male | 276 a | 23.5% | 897 a | 26.5% | 395 b | 16.1% | 145 c | 10.0% | 212.2 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.158 |
Female | 262 a | 19.3% | 911 a | 19.5% | 266 b | 11.0% | 76 b | 10.0% | 116.2 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.112 |
Age (Years) | V | |||||||||||
Young | 20 a | 4.2% | 42 a,b | 3.0% | 28 a,b | 2.3% | 13 b | 1.6% | 9.2 | 3 | 0.027 | 0.049 |
Young adults | 97 a,b | 10.4% | 283 b | 11.1% | 139 a,c | 7.5% | 50 c | 6.1% | 27.9 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.067 |
Older adults | 289 a | 33.0% | 996 a | 31.9% | 334 b | 23.2% | 125 b | 24.3% | 47.8 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.090 |
Older | 132 a | 53.2% | 487 a | 49.1% | 160 b | 41.1% | 33 a,b | 41.3% | 11.9 | 3 | 0.008 | 0.083 |
BMI (kg/m2) | V | |||||||||||
<18.5 | 3 a | 5.1% | 4 a | 2.1% | 2 a | 1.7% | 4 a | 8.5% | 6.7 | 3 | 0.083 | 0.127 |
[18.5–25) | 85 a | 9.4% | 367 a | 11.6% | 163 b | 6.5% | 49 c | 4.1% | 80.5 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.102 |
[25–30) | 173 a | 20.4% | 750 b | 25.7% | 306 a,c | 18.3% | 111 c | 14.8% | 61.8 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.100 |
≥30 | 238 a,b | 39.9% | 625 b | 41.3% | 178 a,c | 33.5% | 53 c | 26.5% | 23.3 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.091 |
Physical Activity Levels | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Inactive | Walkers | Active | Very Active | ES | |||||||
Sex | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | df | p | φ | ||||
Male | 242 a | 20.6% | 751 a | 22.2% | 314 b | 12.8% | 93 c | 6.4% | 226.9 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.164 |
Female | 212 a | 15.6% | 723 a | 15.5% | 202 b | 8.3% | 54 b | 7.1% | 104.5 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.106 |
Age (Years) | V | |||||||||||
Young | 6 a | 1.3% | 9 a,b | 0.7% | 1 b | 0.1% | 2 a,b | 0.2% | 12.3 | 3 | 0.007 | 0.056 |
Young adults | 66 a | 7.1% | 158 a | 6.2% | 79 b | 4.3% | 19 b | 2.3% | 28.5 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.068 |
Older adults | 259 a | 29.5% | 838 a | 26.9% | 288 b | 20.0% | 94 b | 18.3% | 46.9 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.089 |
Older | 123 a | 49.6% | 469 a | 47.3% | 148 b | 38.0% | 32 a,b | 40.0% | 12.6 | 3 | 0.006 | 0.086 |
BMI (kg/m2) | V | |||||||||||
<18.5 | 2 a | 3.4% | 4 a | 2.1% | 0 a | 0.0% | 2 a | 4.3% | 4.3 | 3 | 0.228 | 0.102 |
[18.5–25) | 75 a | 8.3% | 258 a | 8.1% | 106 b | 4.3% | 19 c | 1.6% | 89.7 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.108 |
[25–30) | 142 a | 16.7% | 629 b | 21.6% | 251 a | 15.0% | 77 c | 10.2% | 67.7 | 3 | <0.001 | 0.105 |
≥30 | 201 a,b | 33.7% | 533 b | 35.3% | 152 a,c | 28.6% | 46 c | 23.0% | 17.2 | 3 | 0.001 | 0.078 |
Physical Activity Levels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inactive | Walkers | Active | Very Active | |||||||
Variables | OR | CI95% | OR | CI95% | OR | CI95% | ||||
Overall | Ref. | 1.07 | 0.96 | 1.20 | 0.58 * | 0.51 | 0.66 | 0.41 * | 0.35 | 0.49 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | Ref. | 1.17 * | 1.00 | 1.37 | 0.62 * | 0.52 | 0.74 | 0.36 * | 0.29 | 0.45 |
Female | Ref. | 1.01 | 0.87 | 1.18 | 0.51 * | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.46 * | 0.35 | 0.61 |
Age Group | ||||||||||
Young | Ref. | 0.71 | 0.41 | 1.22 | 0.54 * | 0.30 | 0.96 | 0.37 * | 0.18 | 0.76 |
Young adults | Ref. | 1.07 | 0.84 | 1.37 | 0.70 * | 0.53 | 0.92 | 0.56 * | 0.39 | 0.80 |
Older adults | Ref. | 0.95 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 0.61 * | 0.51 | 0.74 | 0.65 * | 0.51 | 0.84 |
Older | Ref. | 0.85 | 0.64 | 1.12 | 0.61 * | 0.45 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 0.37 | 1.03 |
BMI | ||||||||||
<18.5 | Ref. | 0.40 | 0.09 | 1.84 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 2.00 | 1.74 | 0.37 | 8.17 |
[18.5–25) | Ref. | 1.26 | 0.98 | 1.62 | 0.67 * | 0.51 | 0.89 | 0.41 * | 0.29 | 0.59 |
[25–30) | Ref. | 1.36 * | 1.13 | 1.63 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 1.08 | 0.68 * | 0.52 | 0.88 |
≥30 | Ref. | 1.06 | 0.88 | 1.29 | 0.76 * | 0.60 | 0.97 | 0.54 * | 0.38 | 0.78 |
Physical Activity Levels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inactive | Walkers | Active | Very Active | |||||||
Variables | OR | CI95% | OR | CI95% | OR | CI95% | ||||
Overall | Ref. | 1.02 | 0.91 | 1.15 | 0.54 * | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.32 * | 0.27 | 0.39 |
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | Ref. | 1.10 | 0.93 | 1.29 | 0.56 * | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.26 * | 0.20 | 0.34 |
Female | Ref. | 0.99 | 0.84 | 1.17 | 0.49 * | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.41 * | 0.30 | 0.56 |
Age Group | ||||||||||
Young | Ref. | 0.51 | 0.18 | 1.44 | 0.06 * | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.19 * | 0.04 | 0.97 |
Young adults | Ref. | 0.87 | 0.64 | 1.17 | 0.59 * | 0.42 | 0.82 | 0.31 * | 0.19 | 0.52 |
Older adults | Ref. | 0.88 | 0.74 | 1.03 | 0.60 * | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.53 * | 0.41 | 0.70 |
Older | Ref. | 0.91 | 0.69 | 1.20 | 0.62 * | 0.45 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.13 |
BMI | ||||||||||
<18.5 | Ref. | 0.61 | 0.11 | 3.42 | 0.00 | n.a. | n.a. | 1.27 | 0.17 | 9.35 |
[18.5–25) | Ref. | 0.98 | 0.75 | 1.28 | 0.49 * | 0.36 | 0.67 | 0.18 * | 0.11 | 0.30 |
[25–30) | Ref. | 1.37 | 1.12 | 1.68 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 1.10 | 0.57 * | 0.42 | 0.77 |
≥30 | Ref. | 1.07 | 0.88 | 1.31 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 1.02 | 0.59 * | 0.41 | 0.85 |
Hypertension | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I. for EXP(B) | ||
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Inactive | 33.997 | 3 | 0.000 | |||||
Walker | 0.053 | 0.065 | 0.683 | 1 | 0.408 | 1.055 | 0.929 | 1.198 |
Active | −0.225 | 0.074 | 9.291 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.799 | 0.691 | 0.923 |
Very Active | −0.278 | 0.097 | 8.170 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.757 | 0.626 | 0.916 |
Sex (Men) | 0.214 | 0.046 | 21.901 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.238 | 1.132 | 1.354 |
Obesity | 645.762 | 3 | 0.000 | |||||
Underweight | −2.203 | 0.295 | 55.726 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.110 | 0.062 | 0.197 |
Normal | −1.526 | 0.061 | 620.344 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.217 | 0.193 | 0.245 |
Overweight | −0.836 | 0.055 | 234.338 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.433 | 0.389 | 0.482 |
Age | 0.084 | 0.002 | 1500.781 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.088 | 1.083 | 1.093 |
Constant | −4.945 | 0.135 | 1332.626 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.007 | ||
Use of antihypertensives | ||||||||
B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I. for EXP(B) | ||
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Inactive | 31.586 | 3 | 0.000 | |||||
Walker | −0.040 | 0.072 | 0.310 | 1 | 0.578 | 0.961 | 0.835 | 1.106 |
Active | −0.284 | 0.083 | 11.864 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.752 | 0.640 | 0.885 |
Very Active | −0.469 | 0.115 | 16.672 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.626 | 0.500 | 0.784 |
Sex (Men) | 0.283 | 0.051 | 30.671 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.327 | 1.201 | 1.467 |
Obesity | 585.659 | 3 | 0.000 | |||||
Underweight | −2.396 | 0.374 | 41.065 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.091 | 0.044 | 0.189 |
Normal | −1.657 | 0.070 | 562.107 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.191 | 0.166 | 0.219 |
Overweight | −0.862 | 0.060 | 208.648 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.422 | 0.376 | 0.475 |
Age | 0.114 | 0.003 | 1645.744 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.120 | 1.114 | 1.126 |
Constant | −6.830 | 0.173 | 1559.094 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
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Denche-Zamorano, Á.; Pérez-Gómez, J.; Mendoza-Muñoz, M.; Carlos-Vivas, J.; Oliveira, R.; Brito, J.P. Risk of Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Physically Active Population under-70 Years Old—Spanish Health Survey. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071283
Denche-Zamorano Á, Pérez-Gómez J, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Carlos-Vivas J, Oliveira R, Brito JP. Risk of Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Physically Active Population under-70 Years Old—Spanish Health Survey. Healthcare. 2022; 10(7):1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071283
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenche-Zamorano, Ángel, Jorge Pérez-Gómez, Maria Mendoza-Muñoz, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Rafael Oliveira, and João Paulo Brito. 2022. "Risk of Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Physically Active Population under-70 Years Old—Spanish Health Survey" Healthcare 10, no. 7: 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071283
APA StyleDenche-Zamorano, Á., Pérez-Gómez, J., Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Carlos-Vivas, J., Oliveira, R., & Brito, J. P. (2022). Risk of Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Physically Active Population under-70 Years Old—Spanish Health Survey. Healthcare, 10(7), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071283