Abstract
In this note, we consider a subclass of starlike functions f with for a prescribed . Usually, in the study of univalent functions, estimates on the Taylor coefficients, Fekete–Szegö functional or Hankel determinats are given. Another coefficient problem which has attracted considerable attention is to estimate the moduli of successive coefficients . Recently, the related functional for the initial successive coefficients has been investigated for several classes of univalent functions. We continue this study and for functions , we investigate upper bounds of initial coefficients and the difference of moduli of successive coefficients and . Estimates of the functionals and are also derived. The obtained results expand the scope of the theoretical results related with the functional for various subclasses of univalent functions.
MSC:
30C45; 30C50
1. Introduction
As usual, denote by the family of all normalized analytic functions
defined in the open unit disk and let be the subset of univalent functions in . Let
be the class of starlike functions of order (see [1]). The family is the well-known class of starlike functions in . Denote by the class of convex functions in , i.e.,
In 1997, Silverman [2] investigated the properties of a subclass of , defined in terms of the quotient . More precisely, for , Silverman’s class is defined as follows
In [2], Silverman proved that all functions in are starlike of order . Lately, Obradović and Tuneski [3] improved the results of Silverman and obtained new starlike criteria for the class . Among others, they obtained the next result.
Theorem 1
([3]). Let . If
then .
Starting from the above result, we consider the following subclass of :
It is not difficult to show that for , the function .
During the years, great attention has been given to the difference of moduli of successive coefficients of a function in . In 1963, Hayman [4] proved that for . Further, Leung [5] proved Pommerenke’s [6] conjecture for . Estimates of the difference of moduli of successive coefficients, for certain subclasses of , were also obtained by Z. Ye [7,8], and others (see, for example [9]). Moreover, since , the study of the functional has been also considered. For all functions , Robertson [10] obtained the inequality and proved that the factor cannot be replaced by any smaller number independent of f. Recently, Li and Sugawa [11] investigated the problem of maximizing the functionals and for a refined subclass of , . The upper bounds of the same funtionals and for various subclasses of univalent functions were obtained by Peng and Obradović [12] and L. Shi et al. [13].
Motivated by the results given in [11,12,13], in the present paper we obtain upper bounds of the initial coefficients and upper bounds of and for a refined subclass of , defined by
where p is a given number satisfying .
Moreover, upper bounds for functionals and for the same subclass are also derived. The first functional is known as the second Hankel determinant, studied in many papers (see [14,15,16,17]). The second functional is a particular case of the generalized Zalcman functional, investigated by Ma [18], Efraimidis and Vukotić [19] and many others (see [20,21,22,23]).
2. Preliminary Results
Let be the class of analytic functions p with a positive real part in , satisfying the condition . A member is called a Carathéodory function and has the Taylor series expansion
It is known that for and (see [1]).
In order to prove our main results, the following two lemmas will be used. The first is due to Libera and Złotkiewicz [24,25].
The second lemma is a special case of a more general result due to Ohno and Sugawa [26] (see also [11]).
Lemma 2.
For some given real numbers , let
If , then
If , then
where
3. Main Results
We begin this section by finding the absolute values of the first three initial coefficients in the function class .
Theorem 2.
Proof.
Let . Then
or equivalently
Therefore, there exists a function , given by (7), such that
Making use of the Taylor series representations for functions f and p and equating the coefficients of on both sides of (17), we obtain
Since we have and then, by (18), we get . In view of the last equality and Lemma 1, we obtain
where with and . Making use of (18)–(21), elementary calculations yield to
Since , we get . We have
Since , it is easy to verify that and . In view of Lemma 2, we have
and thus
Denote by
The upper bounds for the difference of the initial coefficients for the class are given in the next result.
Theorem 3.
Let and . Then,
and
Proof.
Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 2 and making use of (22), we obtain
Now, we shall find the estimate of . For this, using (22) and (23), we have
where is given by (10) and
Since , we have . Note also that for the inequality is equivalent to
Making use of Lemma 2, a computation gives
Therefore, we get
In the next result, we obtain the estimates of the functionals and .
Theorem 4.
Proof.
Proceeding again as in the proof of Theorem 2 and making use of (22) and (23), we have
where is given by (10) and
The inequality holds true for all and therefore, from Lemma 2, we deduce that
It follows that
It easy to show that for . An application of Lemma 2 yields
Hence, inequality (28) holds true.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we first considered a presumably new subclass of starlike functions in the open unit disk. For a refined family of , we investigated the upper bounds of the initial coefficients and the moduli of the initial successive coefficients. Moreover, upper bounds for functionals and for the same subclass were derived. The results obtained in this note could be a subject of further investigation related to Fekete–Szegö type functionals or Hankel determinants for the functions class .
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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