Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the controllability of the system with non-local conditions. The existence of a mild solution is established. We obtain the results by using resolvent operators functions, the Hausdorff measure of non-compactness, and Monch’s fixed point theorem. We also present an example, in order to elucidate one of the results discussed.
Keywords:
boundary condition; fractional calculus; impulsive condition; integro-differential system; controllability; fixed point theorem MSC:
93B05; 47H10; 26A33; 93C27; 47H08; 34K40l
1. Introduction
Fractional calculus primarily involves the description of fractional-order derivatives and integral operators [1]. It has grown in relevance in recent decades due to its vast range of applications in several scientific disciplines. There are research papers and books [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] on the topic of fractional differential equations, which are used to represent complicated physical and biological processes such as anomalous diffusion, signal processing, wave propagation, visco-elasticity behavior, power-laws, and automatic remote control systems. The evolution of a physical system in time is described by an initial and boundary value problem. In many cases, it is better to have more information on the conditions. Moreover, the non-local condition which is a generalization of the classical condition was motivated by physical problems. The pioneering work on non-local conditions is due to Byszewski [21]. Existence results for differential equations with non-local conditions were investigated by many authors [21,22,23]. Thereafter, by means of the non-compactness measure method Gu and Trujilo [24] defined the study of initial value problems with non-local conditions. The concept of controllability is critical in the study and application of control theory. Many authors [3,6,10,25,26] have investigated controllability with an impulsive condition. Hilfer [27] introduced another fractional derivative which includes the R-L derivative and Caputo fractional derivative. The Hilfer fractional operator is indeed intriguing and important, both in terms of its definition and its associated properties. Subsequently, many authors [28,29,30] studied the Hilfer neutral fractional differential equations. Recently, Subashini [31,32] obtained mild solutions for Hilfer integro-differential equations of fractional order by means of Monch’s fixed point technique and measure of non-compactness [24,25]. The existing results for impulsive neutral Hilfer fractional differential equations with non-local conditions have the following form:
where denotes the Hilfer differential equation of order and type . Moreover, and is a Banach space, denotes the infinitesimal generator of strongly continuous functions of bounded linear operators on . A suitable function is connected with the Phase space with the mapping . Now . For the purpose of brevity, we make use of . Here, is provided in , a Banach space of admissible control functions. is continuous functions.
The article is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces a few key notions and definitions related to our research that will be used throughout the discussion of this article. Section 3 discusses the controllability results with non-local conditions of the impulsive neutral Hilfer Fractional Differential Equations. Finally, Section 4 provides an example to illustrate the theory.
2. Preliminaries
Now we recall some definitions, concepts, and lemmas chosen to achieve the desired outcomes. Let be the Banach space of all continuous function spaces from where and with . Now we define . is a Banach space with . Let then, . Let us define with .
We will now discuss some significant fractional calculus results (see Hilfer [27]).
Definition 1.
Let and the integral
be called the left-sided R-L fractional integral of order ζ having lower limit p of a continuous function, where denotes the gamma function and provided that the right-hand side exists.
Definition 2.
Let and the integral
be called the left-sided (R-L) FD of order , where .
Definition 3.
Let and the integral
be called the left-sided Hilfer fractional derivative of order and function of .
Definition 4.
Let and the integral
be called the left-sided Caputo fractional derivative type of order , where .
Remark 1.
- (i)
- The Hilfer fractional derivative coincides with the standard (R-L) fractional derivative, if and , then
- (ii)
- The Hilfer fractional derivative coincides with the standard Caputo derivative, if and , then
Let us characterize abstract phase space and verify [23] for more details. Consider is continuous along . For each ,
along
for all .
Now, we define
provided that is endowed along
for all ; therefore, is a Banach space.
Now, we discuss
where is limitation of v to for .
Set be a semi-norm in defined by
Lemma 1.
Assuming , then for . Moreover,
where
Definition 5.
Assume , , Let be the family of closed linear operators, such that the sectors with and
- (i)
- (ii)
- There exists as a constant,
then called an infinitesimal generator of strongly continuous functions of bounded linear operators on .
Lemma 2.
Let , , . Then
- (1)
- , for any
- (2)
- There exists is the constant such that , for any ;
- (3)
- The range of , is belong . Especially, for all with ,and hence there exists a constant and satisfy , for all ;
- (4)
- If , then ;
- (5)
- , for all with .
we define the two operators , as follows
Let the Wright-type function
The following are the properties of Wright-type functions
- (a)
- (b)
- (c)
Definition 6.
Lemma 4.
Let is equi-continuous, then , and are the strongly continuous that is, for any and ,
Lemma 5.
For any fixed and are linear operators, and for any ,
where
Lemma 6.
Definition 7.
Suppose is the positive cone of a Banach space . Let Φ be the function defined on the set of all bounded subsets of the Banach space with values in is known as a measure of non-compactness on iff for every bounded subset , where denoted the closed hull of Ω.
We now present the basic result on measures of non-compactness.
Definition 8.
Let P be the bounded set in a Banach space , the Hausdorff measures of non-compactness μ is defined as
Lemma 7.
Suppose is a Banach space and are bounded. Then, the properties satisfy
- (i) is precompact iff ;
- (ii) , where and are denote the convex hull and closure of , respectively;
- (iii) If then ;
- (iv) , such that ;
- (v) ;
- (vi) , when be a Banach space;
- (vii) If the operator is Lipschitz continuous, be the constant then we know bounded subset , where τ represent the Hausdorff measure of non-compactness in the Banach space .
Theorem 1.
If is a set of Bochner integrable functions from to with the estimate property, for almost all and every , where , then the function be in and satisfies
Lemma 8.
If is bounded and equi-continuous, then is continuous for and
Lemma 9.
Let P be a closed convex subset of a Banach space and . Assume that continuous map which satisfies Mönch’s condition, i.e., if is countable and is compact. Then, has a fixed point in P.
3. Controllability Results
We require the succeeding hypothesis
Hypothesis 0 ().
Let be the infinitesimal generator of strongly continuous functions of bounded linear operators of an analytic semigroup in such that where be the constant.
Hypothesis 1 ().
The function satisfies:
- (i)
- Catheodary condition: is strongly measurable and is continuous for a.e , is strongly measurable.
- (ii)
- ∃ a constants and and non-decreasing continuous function such that , where satisfies .
- (iii)
- ∃ a constant and such that, for any bounded subset ,
- (iv)
- Let are continuous functions and there exists a constant such that for all , we have for a.e .
Hypothesis 2 ().
The function satisfies the following:
- (i)
- is measurable for all is continuous for a.e .
- (ii)
- ∃ a constant such that for every
- (iii)
- There exists such that, for any
Hypothesis 3 ().
- (i)
- For any , multivalued map is a continuous function and there exists such that and for all satisfies the following:
- (ii)
- is completely continuous and for any bounded set the set is equi-continuous in .
Hypothesis 4 ().
- (i)
- The linear operator is bounded, defined by has an inverse operator which take the values in and there exists two positive values and such that
- (ii)
- ∃ a constants and such that, ∀ bounded set .
Hypothesis 5 ().
is continuous, there exists ,
,for every
Take .
Let us define
.
Theorem 2.
Suppose – holds, then the impulsive neutral Hilfer fractional differential Equations (1) and (2) has a solution on provided with
and .
Proof.
Assume the operator , with defined as
For , we define by
then . Let , , v satisfies from 6 iff x satisfies and
where
Let . For any ,
Hence, is a Banach space. □
For , choose , then is uniformly bounded and for from Lemma 1,
Let us introduce an operator , defined by
Next, to show that has a fixed point.
Step 1: we have to prove ∃ a positive value G such that . Assume the statement is false, i.e., for each , there exists , but not in ,
where
The above inequality is divided by G and applying the limit as , we obtain , which is the contradiction. Therefore, .
Step 2: The operator is continuous on . For , for any such that , the we have and . From and
Take
Then, from Hypothesis 2 and 3 and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem, we can obtain
Now, the Hypotheses (H3),
so, we obtain
Next,
From (8) and (9) the above term become converges to zero as . Now,
Using (9) and (10), we obtain
Therefore, is continuous on .
Step 3: Now, we have to show is continuous. For and , we have
Now consider the following
from the strong continuity of as
using the Hypotheses 3, becomes zero.
as , since the strong continuity of
integrating and , then become zero.
integrating and , then become zero.
implies as .
Since is uniformly continuous operator norm topology, we obtain as .
integrating and , then become zero.
Implies ,as .
from the uniform continuity of , we obtain as .
integrating and applying limit . Therefore, is equi-continuous on .
using the Hypotheses H5, .
Step 4: To show Mönch’s condition. Suppose that is a countable and . We prove . For that, assume that . We need to prove that is relatively compact in for each .
where
Now
Therefore
where . Thus, from Mönch’s condition, we obtain
So, by Lemma 9, has a fixed point v in . Then is a mild solution of system (1)–(3) is controllable on .
4. Example
Suppose the Hilfer fractional integro-differential system of the form,
where denoted the Hilfer fractional derivative of order , type and is a continuous function. Moreover, is continuous and satisfies certain smoothness conditions, and are the appropriate functions. To change this system into an abstract structure, let be endowed with the norm and is defined as with
and
where is the orthogonal set of eigen vectors of .
We have denotes the infinitesimal generator of strongly continuous functions of bounded linear operators in and is given by , where denoted the Hausdorff measure of non-compactness and is a constant, satisfy , Furthermore, v is equi-continuous for an . Define
Let
5. Conclusions
In this paper, we focused on the analysis of controllability for impulsive neutral Hilfer fractional differential equations with non-local conditions. Applying the findings and concepts from the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous function of bounded linear operators, fractional calculus, the measure of non-compactness, impulsive conditions, non-local conditions, and fixed point method, the main conclusion is established. Last but not least, we provided an example to illustrate the principle. Future research will concentrate on the many types of controllability of impulsive neutral Hilfer fractional differential systems with non-local conditions.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, T.L., K.K., P.R.S. and T.S.; methodology, T.L., K.K., P.R.S. and T.S.; formal analysis, T.L., K.K., P.R.S. and T.S.; funding acquisition, T.L. and T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper.
Funding
This research was funded by National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund (NSRF), and Suan Dusit University.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for taking the necessary time and effort to review the manuscript. We sincerely appreciate all your valuable comments and suggestions.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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