Linking Global CGE Models and Sectoral Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Trade Openness in Service Sector Towards Indonesia Agricultural and Agroindustry
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Data
2.2. Research Methods
- Simulation 1: Indonesia’s trade openness in services.
- Simulation 2: A combination of trade openness in services and increased productivity within the services sector.
- Simulation 3: A combination of trade openness in services, increased productivity in the services sector, and enhanced services sector involvement in agriculture.
3. Results
3.1. The Impact of Trade Openness and Increased Role of Servification Towards Macroeconomic Indicators
3.2. The Impact of Trade Openness and Value-Added Services (Servification) on Indonesian Sectors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Variable | Sim 1 | Sim 2 | Sim 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GDP (%) | 0.06 | 2.01 | 2.60 |
2 | Consumption (%) | 0.10 | 4.16 | 5.33 |
3 | Investment (%) | 0.06 | 2.01 | 2.60 |
4 | Export (%) | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.43 |
5 | Inflation (%) | −0.02 | 0.99 | 0.82 |
6 | Balance of Trade/GDP (%) | 0.01 | −0.24 | −0.32 |
Rank | Output | Sim 1 | Sim 2 | Sim 3 | Services Sector Contribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Coconut | 0.48 | 3.67 | 8.18 | 37.60 |
2 | Fruit | 0.60 | 2.58 | 8.06 | 31.10 |
3 | Vegetable | 0.52 | 2.45 | 7.24 | 28.00 |
4 | Paddy | 0.33 | 3.36 | 6.46 | 17.30 |
5 | Sweet Potato | 0.40 | 2.61 | 6.34 | 18.10 |
6 | Tobacco | 0.37 | 2.46 | 5.92 | 21.90 |
7 | Ornamental Plant | 0.39 | 2.08 | 5.69 | 23.30 |
8 | Fresh Milk | 0.20 | 3.65 | 5.65 | 21.00 |
9 | Peanut | 0.50 | 0.76 | 5.29 | 27.20 |
10 | Cassava | 0.29 | 2.48 | 5.17 | 34.40 |
11 | Poultry | 0.21 | 2.80 | 4.79 | 20.50 |
12 | Maize | 0.42 | 1.01 | 4.79 | 25.10 |
13 | Fish | 0.31 | 1.82 | 4.65 | 28.20 |
14 | Tubers | 0.31 | 1.69 | 4.51 | 21.40 |
15 | Tea | 0.29 | 1.80 | 4.51 | 29.10 |
16 | Clove | 0.22 | 2.30 | 4.37 | 38.00 |
17 | Shrimp | 0.29 | 1.34 | 4.03 | 30.10 |
18 | Cashew | 0.36 | 0.48 | 3.70 | 40.70 |
19 | Seaweed | 0.26 | 1.13 | 3.52 | 31.60 |
20 | Sugarcane | 0.15 | 1.92 | 3.38 | 27.10 |
21 | Coffee | 0.30 | 0.59 | 3.31 | 29.50 |
22 | Cocoa | 0.24 | 0.70 | 2.91 | 33.70 |
23 | Palm Oil | 0.13 | 0.11 | 1.26 | 28.40 |
24 | Mean | 0.32 | 1.82 | 4.80 | 27.92 |
25 | Min | 0.13 | 0.11 | 1.26 | 17.30 |
26 | Max | 0.60 | 3.67 | 8.18 | 40.70 |
Output | Sim 1 | Sim 2 | Sim 3 | Services Sector Contribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Processed Animal Products | 0.24 | 4.10 | 6.47 | 14.90 |
Processed Livestock Products | 0.16 | 4.65 | 6.38 | 31.40 |
Dried and Salted Fish | 0.31 | 2.38 | 5.30 | 17.00 |
Processed Meat Products | 0.22 | 1.86 | 3.98 | 26.20 |
Animal and Vegetable Oils | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.46 | 3.80 |
Dairy-based Food and Drinks | 0.19 | 3.93 | 5.83 | 21.00 |
Other Flours | 0.28 | 0.75 | 3.28 | 16.20 |
Wheat | 0.11 | 3.24 | 4.35 | 4.20 |
Milled Rice Products | 0.33 | 3.40 | 6.52 | 3.70 |
Bread and Biscuits | 0.10 | 4.79 | 5.98 | 14.30 |
Sugar | 0.15 | 1.95 | 3.40 | 22.80 |
Chocolate and Chewing Gum | 0.12 | 0.83 | 1.96 | 14.10 |
Noodles and Maccaroni | 0.09 | 3.61 | 4.63 | 22.10 |
Processed Coffee | 0.21 | 2.52 | 4.53 | 23.30 |
Processed Tea | 0.10 | 3.39 | 4.46 | 64.40 |
Processed Soybean Products | 0.15 | 4.31 | 5.94 | 19.40 |
Other Foods | 0.17 | 3.42 | 5.12 | 20.10 |
Processed Animal-based Foods | 0.21 | 1.50 | 3.42 | 17.00 |
Alcoholic Beverages | 0.12 | 3.01 | 4.19 | 23.20 |
Non-Alcoholic Beverages | 0.13 | 3.80 | 5.20 | 22.50 |
Cigarettes | 0.10 | 4.92 | 6.10 | 34.40 |
Processed Tobacco | 0.27 | 2.25 | 4.79 | 12.90 |
Mean | 0.18 | 2.94 | 4.69 | 20.40 |
Min | 0.09 | 0.15 | 1.46 | 3.70 |
Max | 0.33 | 4.92 | 6.52 | 64.40 |
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Widyastutik; Meliany, B.S.; Amaliah, S.; Hotsawadi; Rifin, A. Linking Global CGE Models and Sectoral Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Trade Openness in Service Sector Towards Indonesia Agricultural and Agroindustry. Economies 2025, 13, 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13070199
Widyastutik, Meliany BS, Amaliah S, Hotsawadi, Rifin A. Linking Global CGE Models and Sectoral Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Trade Openness in Service Sector Towards Indonesia Agricultural and Agroindustry. Economies. 2025; 13(7):199. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13070199
Chicago/Turabian StyleWidyastutik, Birka Septy Meliany, Syarifah Amaliah, Hotsawadi, and Amzul Rifin. 2025. "Linking Global CGE Models and Sectoral Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Trade Openness in Service Sector Towards Indonesia Agricultural and Agroindustry" Economies 13, no. 7: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13070199
APA StyleWidyastutik, Meliany, B. S., Amaliah, S., Hotsawadi, & Rifin, A. (2025). Linking Global CGE Models and Sectoral Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Trade Openness in Service Sector Towards Indonesia Agricultural and Agroindustry. Economies, 13(7), 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13070199