Screening for Higher Grain Yield and Biomass among Sixty Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Elevated CO2 and High-Temperature Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Wheat Production and Grain Yield Components
2.2. Comparison between the CIMMYT Population and Gazul
2.3. Correlation Network and Coefficient Matrix
2.4. Principal Component and Hierarchical Clustering Analyses
2.5. Days from Sowing to Ear Emergence, Anthesis and Maturity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Experimental Conditions
4.2. Evaluation of Phenological Traits
4.3. Harvesting and Yield Component Determination
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genotype | Grain Yield (g plant−1) | Above-Ground (g plant−1) | Stalk (g plant−1) | Chaff (g plant−1) | Height (cm plant−1) | Grain Number (No. plant−1) | Ear Number (No. plant−1) | Grain Weight (mg plant−1) | GYE (g ear−1) | GNE (No. ear−1) | HI | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
150 | 5.45 | ± | 1.05 | 14.38 | ± | 1.64 | 6.82 | ± | 0.44 | 2.12 | ± | 0.35 | 80.36 | ± | 0.77 | 156.10 | ± | 32.80 | 4.10 | ± | 0.48 | 34.97 | ± | 0.81 | 1.32 | ± | 0.10 | 37.79 | ± | 3.34 | 0.38 | ± | 0.03 |
74 | 6.18 | ± | 0.68 | 16.29 | ± | 1.82 | 8.23 | ± | 1.26 | 1.88 | ± | 0.30 | 89.71 | ± | 1.21 | 151.79 | ± | 19.87 | 5.65 | ± | 0.30 | 40.95 | ± | 3.61 | 1.10 | ± | 0.12 | 26.98 | ± | 4.23 | 0.38 | ± | 0.04 |
23 | 6.42 | ± | 0.53 | 15.17 | ± | 1.31 | 6.83 | ± | 0.48 | 1.91 | ± | 0.35 | 79.86 | ± | 0.19 | 159.37 | ± | 12.57 | 4.45 | ± | 0.57 | 40.27 | ± | 0.42 | 1.45 | ± | 0.08 | 36.02 | ± | 2.24 | 0.42 | ± | 0.01 |
8 | 6.46 | ± | 1.22 | 17.14 | ± | 3.79 | 7.88 | ± | 1.72 | 2.80 | ± | 0.86 | 81.49 | ± | 3.04 | 161.55 | ± | 32.03 | 5.30 | ± | 1.16 | 40.04 | ± | 1.60 | 1.22 | ± | 0.06 | 30.58 | ± | 1.55 | 0.38 | ± | 0.01 |
76 | 6.50 | ± | 0.77 | 17.12 | ± | 1.72 | 8.46 | ± | 0.86 | 2.16 | ± | 0.26 | 87.15 | ± | 2.16 | 160.50 | ± | 24.84 | 5.40 | ± | 0.63 | 40.63 | ± | 1.60 | 1.20 | ± | 0.07 | 29.70 | ± | 2.47 | 0.38 | ± | 0.02 |
15 | 6.53 | ± | 0.85 | 16.11 | ± | 2.41 | 7.18 | ± | 1.27 | 2.39 | ± | 0.39 | 77.14 | ± | 1.38 | 158.58 | ± | 22.88 | 5.55 | ± | 0.53 | 41.28 | ± | 1.08 | 1.18 | ± | 0.09 | 28.51 | ± | 2.19 | 0.41 | ± | 0.02 |
73 | 6.59 | ± | 0.94 | 18.81 | ± | 1.49 | 9.59 | ± | 0.63 | 2.63 | ± | 0.23 | 91.38 | ± | 0.59 | 158.99 | ± | 15.40 | 4.95 | ± | 0.10 | 41.34 | ± | 2.39 | 1.33 | ± | 0.18 | 32.14 | ± | 3.25 | 0.35 | ± | 0.03 |
21 | 6.62 | ± | 0.59 | 16.35 | ± | 1.07 | 7.78 | ± | 0.28 | 1.94 | ± | 0.27 | 88.73 | ± | 1.92 | 163.79 | ± | 8.89 | 5.00 | ± | 0.52 | 40.44 | ± | 2.71 | 1.34 | ± | 0.19 | 32.94 | ± | 2.81 | 0.40 | ± | 0.01 |
9 | 6.64 | ± | 0.73 | 17.19 | ± | 1.80 | 8.18 | ± | 0.66 | 2.38 | ± | 0.44 | 88.13 | ± | 3.34 | 148.69 | ± | 18.14 | 4.95 | ± | 0.55 | 44.71 | ± | 1.92 | 1.34 | ± | 0.05 | 30.04 | ± | 1.74 | 0.39 | ± | 0.01 |
118 | 6.67 | ± | 0.23 | 17.19 | ± | 1.40 | 8.00 | ± | 0.95 | 2.53 | ± | 0.43 | 84.70 | ± | 4.05 | 176.82 | ± | 4.29 | 6.80 | ± | 0.49 | 37.75 | ± | 1.48 | 0.99 | ± | 0.08 | 26.07 | ± | 1.32 | 0.39 | ± | 0.03 |
81 | 6.75 | ± | 1.03 | 17.15 | ± | 2.14 | 8.01 | ± | 1.27 | 2.39 | ± | 0.07 | 94.69 | ± | 2.02 | 164.49 | ± | 28.73 | 5.00 | ± | 1.40 | 41.20 | ± | 2.23 | 1.40 | ± | 0.26 | 33.88 | ± | 5.17 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
77 | 6.86 | ± | 0.96 | 17.42 | ± | 1.88 | 8.49 | ± | 0.63 | 2.07 | ± | 0.34 | 91.03 | ± | 4.86 | 168.32 | ± | 19.71 | 5.25 | ± | 0.64 | 40.66 | ± | 1.95 | 1.31 | ± | 0.19 | 32.32 | ± | 4.74 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
115 | 6.92 | ± | 0.94 | 18.23 | ± | 1.64 | 8.64 | ± | 0.84 | 2.67 | ± | 0.25 | 87.08 | ± | 2.59 | 160.01 | ± | 25.82 | 5.55 | ± | 0.44 | 43.49 | ± | 2.81 | 1.25 | ± | 0.10 | 28.80 | ± | 3.72 | 0.38 | ± | 0.03 |
87 | 6.96 | ± | 1.43 | 18.14 | ± | 3.64 | 8.62 | ± | 1.82 | 2.55 | ± | 0.48 | 87.36 | ± | 1.30 | 184.34 | ± | 43.52 | 4.90 | ± | 0.48 | 38.03 | ± | 2.24 | 1.44 | ± | 0.35 | 38.03 | ± | 9.69 | 0.38 | ± | 0.01 |
29 | 7.04 | ± | 0.77 | 17.26 | ± | 1.00 | 7.89 | ± | 0.21 | 2.33 | ± | 0.07 | 82.15 | ± | 2.20 | 184.91 | ± | 16.88 | 4.75 | ± | 0.34 | 38.03 | ± | 1.02 | 1.48 | ± | 0.08 | 38.90 | ± | 1.70 | 0.41 | ± | 0.02 |
46 | 7.06 | ± | 0.32 | 18.39 | ± | 0.84 | 8.23 | ± | 0.57 | 3.11 | ± | 0.27 | 88.99 | ± | 3.74 | 147.54 | ± | 7.81 | 5.45 | ± | 0.10 | 47.84 | ± | 1.22 | 1.30 | ± | 0.07 | 27.09 | ± | 1.81 | 0.38 | ± | 0.02 |
119 | 7.09 | ± | 0.90 | 18.33 | ± | 1.63 | 8.84 | ± | 0.86 | 2.40 | ± | 0.23 | 92.60 | ± | 1.93 | 170.30 | ± | 5.50 | 5.10 | ± | 0.35 | 41.63 | ± | 5.21 | 1.39 | ± | 0.15 | 33.50 | ± | 2.44 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
6 | 7.20 | ± | 0.75 | 16.94 | ± | 1.73 | 7.51 | ± | 0.75 | 2.23 | ± | 0.33 | 79.49 | ± | 1.19 | 194.79 | ± | 17.84 | 4.35 | ± | 0.34 | 36.91 | ± | 0.71 | 1.65 | ± | 0.08 | 44.78 | ± | 2.35 | 0.42 | ± | 0.01 |
110 | 7.25 | ± | 0.81 | 18.25 | ± | 1.07 | 8.77 | ± | 0.43 | 2.24 | ± | 0.06 | 85.64 | ± | 3.54 | 202.72 | ± | 19.43 | 5.75 | ± | 0.38 | 35.73 | ± | 1.16 | 1.26 | ± | 0.07 | 35.21 | ± | 1.56 | 0.40 | ± | 0.02 |
71 | 7.29 | ± | 0.65 | 18.70 | ± | 0.87 | 9.02 | ± | 0.57 | 2.39 | ± | 0.34 | 93.69 | ± | 1.18 | 169.53 | ± | 12.76 | 4.85 | ± | 0.34 | 42.97 | ± | 1.26 | 1.50 | ± | 0.10 | 35.03 | ± | 2.76 | 0.39 | ± | 0.03 |
16 | 7.34 | ± | 0.32 | 17.69 | ± | 0.36 | 7.94 | ± | 0.12 | 2.40 | ± | 0.20 | 83.21 | ± | 3.08 | 181.28 | ± | 9.93 | 6.35 | ± | 0.38 | 40.54 | ± | 1.26 | 1.16 | ± | 0.08 | 28.58 | ± | 1.32 | 0.42 | ± | 0.01 |
22 | 7.44 | ± | 0.79 | 18.10 | ± | 1.96 | 8.10 | ± | 1.11 | 2.56 | ± | 0.26 | 85.10 | ± | 0.27 | 199.14 | ± | 21.75 | 6.15 | ± | 0.60 | 37.39 | ± | 0.74 | 1.21 | ± | 0.07 | 32.38 | ± | 1.56 | 0.41 | ± | 0.02 |
13 | 7.49 | ± | 1.01 | 18.87 | ± | 2.29 | 8.43 | ± | 1.13 | 2.95 | ± | 0.32 | 89.96 | ± | 0.86 | 166.74 | ± | 23.43 | 5.45 | ± | 0.68 | 45.03 | ± | 3.37 | 1.38 | ± | 0.15 | 30.67 | ± | 3.44 | 0.40 | ± | 0.02 |
92 | 7.50 | ± | 0.68 | 18.40 | ± | 1.24 | 8.47 | ± | 0.43 | 2.43 | ± | 0.27 | 83.39 | ± | 1.90 | 199.36 | ± | 17.06 | 5.60 | ± | 0.37 | 37.61 | ± | 0.98 | 1.34 | ± | 0.11 | 35.69 | ± | 3.41 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
117 | 7.53 | ± | 0.35 | 18.56 | ± | 1.17 | 8.42 | ± | 0.58 | 2.60 | ± | 0.34 | 89.48 | ± | 0.78 | 173.98 | ± | 5.18 | 5.65 | ± | 0.19 | 43.31 | ± | 1.77 | 1.33 | ± | 0.07 | 30.80 | ± | 0.52 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
79 | 7.56 | ± | 0.91 | 19.75 | ± | 2.48 | 9.12 | ± | 1.34 | 3.06 | ± | 0.31 | 84.79 | ± | 2.56 | 181.24 | ± | 19.11 | 5.95 | ± | 0.41 | 41.69 | ± | 1.43 | 1.27 | ± | 0.14 | 30.47 | ± | 2.52 | 0.38 | ± | 0.02 |
33 | 7.60 | ± | 1.35 | 21.98 | ± | 0.67 | 10.76 | ± | 0.66 | 3.61 | ± | 0.47 | 85.28 | ± | 4.74 | 168.38 | ± | 37.34 | 5.65 | ± | 0.41 | 45.58 | ± | 3.37 | 1.36 | ± | 0.30 | 30.02 | ± | 7.23 | 0.35 | ± | 0.06 |
69 | 7.66 | ± | 1.50 | 17.81 | ± | 2.54 | 7.63 | ± | 0.89 | 2.51 | ± | 0.45 | 79.86 | ± | 2.44 | 193.14 | ± | 28.90 | 6.35 | ± | 0.85 | 39.48 | ± | 1.79 | 1.21 | ± | 0.20 | 30.62 | ± | 4.64 | 0.43 | ± | 0.03 |
31 | 7.71 | ± | 1.26 | 18.71 | ± | 2.69 | 8.27 | ± | 1.09 | 2.73 | ± | 0.36 | 87.35 | ± | 3.87 | 177.91 | ± | 29.82 | 6.50 | ± | 1.16 | 43.38 | ± | 2.12 | 1.20 | ± | 0.17 | 27.52 | ± | 3.13 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
19 | 7.73 | ± | 0.66 | 19.04 | ± | 1.21 | 8.74 | ± | 0.58 | 2.57 | ± | 0.10 | 87.91 | ± | 3.11 | 193.25 | ± | 3.79 | 5.10 | ± | 0.38 | 40.03 | ± | 3.77 | 1.52 | ± | 0.11 | 38.04 | ± | 2.65 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
114 | 7.75 | ± | 0.32 | 20.64 | ± | 1.03 | 10.42 | ± | 0.53 | 2.46 | ± | 0.37 | 100.68 | ± | 3.35 | 214.96 | ± | 15.27 | 5.65 | ± | 0.34 | 36.11 | ± | 1.47 | 1.37 | ± | 0.04 | 38.03 | ± | 0.75 | 0.38 | ± | 0.01 |
97 | 7.79 | ± | 0.35 | 19.89 | ± | 1.06 | 9.42 | ± | 0.50 | 2.68 | ± | 0.35 | 88.10 | ± | 3.37 | 213.71 | ± | 8.05 | 6.55 | ± | 0.19 | 36.49 | ± | 2.51 | 1.19 | ± | 0.06 | 32.67 | ± | 2.01 | 0.39 | ± | 0.01 |
113 | 7.79 | ± | 0.87 | 20.01 | ± | 2.47 | 9.91 | ± | 1.27 | 2.31 | ± | 0.39 | 90.13 | ± | 4.00 | 237.19 | ± | 44.64 | 6.40 | ± | 1.02 | 33.16 | ± | 2.30 | 1.22 | ± | 0.06 | 36.96 | ± | 1.32 | 0.39 | ± | 0.01 |
25 | 7.81 | ± | 0.47 | 18.72 | ± | 1.04 | 8.22 | ± | 0.64 | 2.69 | ± | 0.16 | 83.50 | ± | 4.10 | 197.07 | ± | 12.53 | 5.60 | ± | 0.28 | 39.63 | ± | 0.68 | 1.40 | ± | 0.10 | 35.23 | ± | 2.36 | 0.42 | ± | 0.02 |
18 | 7.83 | ± | 1.28 | 19.61 | ± | 2.49 | 8.82 | ± | 1.01 | 2.97 | ± | 0.61 | 87.00 | ± | 2.85 | 202.67 | ± | 31.10 | 5.75 | ± | 0.98 | 38.62 | ± | 2.16 | 1.37 | ± | 0.13 | 35.37 | ± | 2.38 | 0.40 | ± | 0.04 |
70 | 7.84 | ± | 1.17 | 19.75 | ± | 3.23 | 8.98 | ± | 1.72 | 2.93 | ± | 0.73 | 93.44 | ± | 3.93 | 220.48 | ± | 43.49 | 5.85 | ± | 1.23 | 35.89 | ± | 3.65 | 1.37 | ± | 0.24 | 37.98 | ± | 4.14 | 0.40 | ± | 0.04 |
63 | 7.89 | ± | 0.82 | 20.21 | ± | 1.54 | 9.23 | ± | 0.77 | 3.09 | ± | 0.31 | 85.29 | ± | 2.36 | 215.34 | ± | 14.60 | 6.00 | ± | 0.43 | 36.59 | ± | 1.61 | 1.32 | ± | 0.10 | 35.96 | ± | 2.46 | 0.39 | ± | 0.03 |
105 | 7.91 | ± | 0.89 | 18.50 | ± | 1.33 | 8.21 | ± | 0.60 | 2.38 | ± | 0.12 | 82.40 | ± | 2.10 | 207.79 | ± | 28.23 | 4.40 | ± | 0.00 | 38.17 | ± | 1.69 | 1.80 | ± | 0.20 | 47.22 | ± | 6.42 | 0.43 | ± | 0.02 |
88 | 8.00 | ± | 0.78 | 20.27 | ± | 1.31 | 9.21 | ± | 0.79 | 3.05 | ± | 0.23 | 87.35 | ± | 2.97 | 200.75 | ± | 19.37 | 5.25 | ± | 0.34 | 39.88 | ± | 1.76 | 1.53 | ± | 0.22 | 38.35 | ± | 4.41 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
93 | 8.01 | ± | 1.51 | 20.01 | ± | 3.21 | 9.01 | ± | 1.47 | 2.99 | ± | 0.53 | 88.54 | ± | 1.84 | 192.90 | ± | 23.42 | 5.70 | ± | 0.60 | 41.28 | ± | 3.34 | 1.40 | ± | 0.17 | 33.84 | ± | 1.97 | 0.40 | ± | 0.03 |
35 | 8.02 | ± | 1.11 | 21.93 | ± | 2.59 | 10.30 | ± | 1.39 | 3.61 | ± | 0.59 | 87.33 | ± | 1.71 | 195.70 | ± | 8.82 | 4.90 | ± | 0.62 | 40.91 | ± | 4.55 | 1.63 | ± | 0.02 | 40.28 | ± | 3.92 | 0.37 | ± | 0.03 |
4 | 8.06 | ± | 0.63 | 18.18 | ± | 0.90 | 7.45 | ± | 0.38 | 2.67 | ± | 0.05 | 85.81 | ± | 1.84 | 219.29 | ± | 9.45 | 6.25 | ± | 0.19 | 36.71 | ± | 1.34 | 1.29 | ± | 0.08 | 35.09 | ± | 1.15 | 0.44 | ± | 0.02 |
26 | 8.12 | ± | 0.44 | 20.35 | ± | 1.49 | 9.58 | ± | 0.91 | 2.65 | ± | 0.24 | 87.34 | ± | 1.58 | 204.17 | ± | 6.84 | 6.05 | ± | 0.41 | 39.77 | ± | 0.95 | 1.34 | ± | 0.03 | 33.81 | ± | 1.15 | 0.40 | ± | 0.01 |
48 | 8.15 | ± | 0.43 | 20.28 | ± | 1.18 | 9.34 | ± | 0.76 | 2.79 | ± | 0.28 | 90.09 | ± | 4.08 | 185.85 | ± | 20.06 | 6.35 | ± | 0.47 | 44.08 | ± | 2.62 | 1.29 | ± | 0.10 | 29.31 | ± | 2.95 | 0.40 | ± | 0.01 |
99 | 8.19 | ± | 0.63 | 20.80 | ± | 1.14 | 9.62 | ± | 0.23 | 3.00 | ± | 0.52 | 88.19 | ± | 1.78 | 238.56 | ± | 11.01 | 5.50 | ± | 0.26 | 34.34 | ± | 2.81 | 1.49 | ± | 0.10 | 43.39 | ± | 1.40 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
53 | 8.19 | ± | 0.72 | 20.25 | ± | 1.45 | 8.78 | ± | 0.76 | 3.27 | ± | 0.33 | 82.55 | ± | 1.55 | 221.46 | ± | 14.92 | 6.40 | ± | 0.33 | 36.96 | ± | 0.85 | 1.28 | ± | 0.12 | 34.65 | ± | 2.60 | 0.40 | ± | 0.02 |
59 | 8.24 | ± | 1.32 | 20.47 | ± | 2.57 | 9.20 | ± | 1.02 | 3.03 | ± | 0.33 | 86.99 | ± | 0.61 | 192.70 | ± | 29.26 | 5.95 | ± | 0.70 | 42.73 | ± | 1.07 | 1.38 | ± | 0.10 | 32.33 | ± | 1.78 | 0.40 | ± | 0.01 |
83 | 8.28 | ± | 0.56 | 21.10 | ± | 2.28 | 9.70 | ± | 1.19 | 3.12 | ± | 0.58 | 85.04 | ± | 7.27 | 216.33 | ± | 16.38 | 5.70 | ± | 0.84 | 38.31 | ± | 0.37 | 1.47 | ± | 0.23 | 38.52 | ± | 6.17 | 0.39 | ± | 0.02 |
10 | 8.31 | ± | 0.98 | 19.66 | ± | 2.19 | 8.43 | ± | 0.97 | 2.92 | ± | 0.33 | 82.31 | ± | 2.65 | 226.90 | ± | 26.78 | 5.40 | ± | 0.78 | 36.71 | ± | 2.78 | 1.55 | ± | 0.15 | 42.14 | ± | 1.38 | 0.42 | ± | 0.02 |
65 | 8.35 | ± | 0.89 | 20.65 | ± | 2.87 | 9.13 | ± | 1.67 | 3.17 | ± | 0.54 | 91.61 | ± | 5.93 | 217.74 | ± | 8.02 | 6.30 | ± | 0.62 | 38.29 | ± | 2.87 | 1.33 | ± | 0.16 | 34.81 | ± | 3.61 | 0.41 | ± | 0.03 |
42 | 8.51 | ± | 0.65 | 21.34 | ± | 1.32 | 9.34 | ± | 0.87 | 3.49 | ± | 0.22 | 88.88 | ± | 0.71 | 250.79 | ± | 12.25 | 6.80 | ± | 0.52 | 33.91 | ± | 1.12 | 1.25 | ± | 0.09 | 36.96 | ± | 1.86 | 0.40 | ± | 0.02 |
107 | 8.56 | ± | 1.37 | 20.33 | ± | 3.43 | 9.10 | ± | 1.42 | 2.68 | ± | 0.74 | 84.05 | ± | 2.79 | 249.29 | ± | 47.63 | 5.75 | ± | 0.50 | 34.48 | ± | 1.63 | 1.49 | ± | 0.16 | 43.14 | ± | 5.03 | 0.42 | ± | 0.01 |
11 | 8.65 | ± | 0.21 | 20.15 | ± | 0.90 | 8.78 | ± | 0.72 | 2.72 | ± | 0.21 | 86.24 | ± | 2.95 | 232.13 | ± | 13.49 | 6.30 | ± | 0.62 | 37.33 | ± | 1.50 | 1.38 | ± | 0.11 | 36.96 | ± | 1.64 | 0.43 | ± | 0.02 |
58 | 8.70 | ± | 0.81 | 21.47 | ± | 2.01 | 9.85 | ± | 0.82 | 2.92 | ± | 0.56 | 86.29 | ± | 1.27 | 247.08 | ± | 13.25 | 5.90 | ± | 0.50 | 35.16 | ± | 1.55 | 1.48 | ± | 0.08 | 41.99 | ± | 2.19 | 0.41 | ± | 0.02 |
5 | 8.76 | ± | 1.17 | 22.09 | ± | 2.40 | 9.88 | ± | 0.86 | 3.46 | ± | 0.40 | 84.75 | ± | 1.54 | 238.93 | ± | 21.61 | 6.80 | ± | 0.59 | 36.60 | ± | 3.13 | 1.28 | ± | 0.09 | 35.13 | ± | 0.78 | 0.40 | ± | 0.01 |
43 | 8.97 | ± | 0.99 | 20.86 | ± | 1.66 | 8.64 | ± | 0.77 | 3.26 | ± | 0.13 | 89.44 | ± | 1.97 | 232.37 | ± | 31.09 | 5.65 | ± | 0.25 | 38.77 | ± | 3.25 | 1.58 | ± | 0.12 | 41.12 | ± | 5.22 | 0.43 | ± | 0.02 |
94 | 8.99 | ± | 0.68 | 21.36 | ± | 1.95 | 9.59 | ± | 1.18 | 2.79 | ± | 0.28 | 94.06 | ± | 3.87 | 226.96 | ± | 24.88 | 6.00 | ± | 0.59 | 39.71 | ± | 1.44 | 1.50 | ± | 0.12 | 37.88 | ± | 3.00 | 0.42 | ± | 0.02 |
95 | 9.00 | ± | 0.66 | 21.73 | ± | 2.01 | 9.59 | ± | 1.04 | 3.14 | ± | 0.44 | 85.65 | ± | 3.43 | 231.89 | ± | 18.72 | 6.15 | ± | 1.00 | 38.84 | ± | 1.48 | 1.48 | ± | 0.15 | 38.15 | ± | 3.88 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
61 | 9.03 | ± | 0.71 | 22.21 | ± | 1.52 | 10.27 | ± | 1.23 | 2.92 | ± | 0.72 | 85.68 | ± | 1.24 | 259.49 | ± | 13.43 | 5.90 | ± | 0.62 | 34.75 | ± | 1.25 | 1.53 | ± | 0.09 | 44.23 | ± | 3.49 | 0.41 | ± | 0.01 |
41 | 9.68 | ± | 0.85 | 23.25 | ± | 1.59 | 9.80 | ± | 0.73 | 3.78 | ± | 0.22 | 82.73 | ± | 3.39 | 252.73 | ± | 27.81 | 7.25 | ± | 0.44 | 38.38 | ± | 1.53 | 1.33 | ± | 0.05 | 34.82 | ± | 2.47 | 0.42 | ± | 0.01 |
Mean | 7.66 | ± | 1.12 | 19.16 | ± | 2.51 | 8.78 | ± | 1.20 | 2.72 | ± | 0.55 | 86.82 | ± | 4.88 | 197.01 | ± | 36.05 | 5.67 | ± | 0.84 | 39.26 | ± | 3.68 | 1.36 | ± | 0.19 | 34.99 | ± | 5.63 | 0.40 | ± | 0.03 |
Min | 4.63 | 13.13 | 5.99 | 1.54 | 76.35 | 116.39 | 3.20 | 29.73 | 0.89 | 19.40 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Max | 10.70 | 25.50 | 12.21 | 4.42 | 105.30 | 315.33 | 8.20 | 48.93 | 1.96 | 54.02 | 0.46 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Q1 | 6.96 | 17.58 | 7.95 | 2.36 | 83.80 | 171.31 | 5.00 | 36.87 | 1.24 | 31.23 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Q3 | 8.43 | 21.03 | 9.65 | 3.04 | 89.75 | 221.81 | 6.20 | 41.23 | 1.48 | 38.22 | 0.42 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Skewness | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.32 | −0.7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Kurtosis | −0.25 | −0.23 | −0.28 | −0.08 | 0.51 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.10 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 2.68 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
p-value | 4.08 × 10−11 | 8.82 × 10−12 | 6.67 × 10−10 | 8.18 × 10−17 | 6.38 × 10−30 | 2.85 × 10−25 | 1.37 × 10−16 | 2.85 × 10−28 | 4.72 × 10−14 | 2.32 × 10−28 | 5.22 × 10−6 |
Dim. 1 | Dim. 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous Variables | Corr. | Cos2 | Contr. | Continuous Variables | Corr. | Cos2 | Contr. |
Grain yield | 0.95 | 0.91 | 18.85 | Ear number | 0.53 | 0.28 | 11.39 |
Grain number | 0.93 | 0.87 | 18.07 | Grain weight | 0.48 | 0.23 | 9.44 |
Aboveground | 0.93 | 0.87 | 18.01 | Stalk | 0.46 | 0.21 | 8.69 |
Stalk | 0.74 | 0.55 | 11.33 | Height | 0.44 | 0.19 | 7.80 |
Chaff | 0.72 | 0.52 | 10.88 | Chaff | 0.39 | 0.15 | 6.09 |
GNE | 0.59 | 0.35 | 7.18 | Aboveground | 0.31 | 0.10 | 4.00 |
Ear number | 0.52 | 0.27 | 5.52 | Grain yield | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
GYE | 0.40 | 0.16 | 3.39 | Grain number | −0.21 | 0.04 | 1.81 |
HI | 0.27 | 0.07 | 1.48 | HI | −0.59 | 0.35 | 14.24 |
Height | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.33 | GYE | −0.61 | 0.37 | 14.96 |
Grain weight | −0.49 | 0.24 | 4.96 | GNE | −0.73 | 0.53 | 21.58 |
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Marcos-Barbero, E.L.; Pérez, P.; Martínez-Carrasco, R.; Arellano, J.B.; Morcuende, R. Screening for Higher Grain Yield and Biomass among Sixty Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Elevated CO2 and High-Temperature Conditions. Plants 2021, 10, 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081596
Marcos-Barbero EL, Pérez P, Martínez-Carrasco R, Arellano JB, Morcuende R. Screening for Higher Grain Yield and Biomass among Sixty Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Elevated CO2 and High-Temperature Conditions. Plants. 2021; 10(8):1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081596
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos-Barbero, Emilio L., Pilar Pérez, Rafael Martínez-Carrasco, Juan B. Arellano, and Rosa Morcuende. 2021. "Screening for Higher Grain Yield and Biomass among Sixty Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Elevated CO2 and High-Temperature Conditions" Plants 10, no. 8: 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081596