Improvement of Growth, Yield, Seed Production and Phytochemical Properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad by Foliar Application of Boron and Zinc
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Field Experiment
2.2. Sampling and Measuring Traits
2.3. Concentration of Zn and B in Leaves
2.4. Seed Germination
2.5. Essential Oil Isolation
2.6. GC-FID Analysis and Carvacrol Measurement
2.7. Extraction Process
2.8. Total Phenolic Content
2.9. Total Flavonoid Content
2.10. Antioxidant Capacity
2.10.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
2.10.2. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biomass and Yield Attributes
3.2. Seed Traits
3.3. B and Zn Concentrations
3.4. Essential Oil Content and Yield and Carvacrol Content
3.5. Total Phenol and Flavonoid Contents
3.6. Antioxidant Capacity
4. Discussion
4.1. Biomass and Yield Attributes
4.2. Seed Traits
4.3. Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Soil Properties | Unit | No | Soil Properties | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Total nitrogen (%) | 0.23 | 9 | Organic carbon (%) | 1.17 |
2 | Available potassium (mg·kg−1) | 277 | 10 | Available phosphorus (mg·kg−1) | 6.6 |
3 | pH | 7.7 | 11 | EC (ds/m) | 2.03 |
4 | Iron (mg·kg−1) | 1.71 | 12 | Sand (%) | 18.6 |
5 | Magnesium (mg·kg−1) | 99.4 | 13 | Clay (%) | 29.2 |
6 | Zinc (mg·kg−1) | 0.83 | 14 | Silt (%) | 44.2 |
7 | Copper (mg·kg−1) | 0.41 | 15 | Calcium carbonate (%) | 10.8 |
8 | Boron (mg·kg−1) | 0.41 |
Treatments | Number of Sub-Branches | Plant Fresh Weight (g·Plant−1) | Plant Dry Weight (g·Plant−1) | Stem Dry Weight (g·Plant−1) | Drug Yield (g·Plant−1) | Leaf/Stem | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 35.60 b | 139.66 b | 58.59 b | 24.50 a | 34.09 b | 1.38 a |
0.3 % | 40.86 a | 143.41 b | 61.63 a | 25.36 a | 35.49 b | 1.40 a | |
0.6 % | 42.19 a | 151.72 a | 64.54 a | 26.28 a | 37.80 a | 1.45 a | |
Boron | Control (0) | 40.57 a | 125.24 c | 54.42 c | 24.04 b | 30.37 c | 1.27 b |
0.4 % | 38.27 a | 148.66 b | 61.82 b | 24.74 b | 36.52 b | 1.48 a | |
0.8 % | 39.81 a | 160.88 a | 68.52 a | 27.36 a | 40.49 a | 1.48 a |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Canopy Diameter (cm) | Number of Main Branches | Number of Sub-Branches | Plant Fresh Weight (g·Plant−1) | Plant Dry Weight (g·Plant−1) | Stem Dry Weight (g·Plant−1) | Drug Yield (g·Plant−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 51.44 b | 57.91 a | 13.38 b | 52.61 a | 246.68 b | 109.16 b | 45.10 b | 64.05 b |
0.3 % | 53.22 ab | 68.61 a | 17.11 b | 63.56 a | 296.54 b | 123.89 b | 46.76 b | 77.12 ab | |
0.6 % | 55.67 a | 69.13 a | 22.50 a | 62.67 a | 363.34 a | 157.82 a | 65.20 a | 92.61 a | |
Boron | Control (0) | 50.11 b | 52.05 b | 14.33 b | 40.50 b | 231.29 b | 96.43 b | 31.53 c | 64.89 b |
0.4 % | 54.39 a | 70.83 a | 17.22 ab | 63.89 a | 306.86 a | 138.81 a | 55.54 b | 83.27 a | |
0.8 % | 55.83 a | 72.77 a | 21.44 a | 74.44 a | 368.41 a | 155.62 a | 70.00 a | 85.62 a |
Treatments | Seed Yield (g·m−2) | Seed Germination (%) | 1000-Seed Weight (g) | Seed Emptiness (%) | Boron Concentration (mg·kg−1) | Zinc Concentration (mg·kg−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 0.129 c | 60.05 b | 1.58 b | 22.70 a | 13.94 a | 15.09 c |
0.3 % | 0.144 b | 64.21 a | 1.73 a | 23.11 a | 14.35 a | 19.85 b | |
0.6 % | 0.155 a | 67.01 a | 1.79 a | 21.81 a | 14.11 a | 25.22 a | |
Boron | Control (0) | 0.124 c | 57.14 c | 1.50 c | 23.93 a | 9.84 c | 19.61 a |
0.4 % | 0.138 b | 62.87 b | 1.74 b | 23.16 ab | 13.37 b | 20.77 a | |
0.8 % | 0.165 a | 71.26 a | 1.86 a | 20.54 b | 19.19 a | 19.78 a |
Treatments | Seed Yield (g·m−2) | Seed Germination (%) | 1000-Seed Weight (g) | Seed Emptiness (%) | Boron Concentration (mg·kg−1) | Zinc Concentration (mg·kg−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 0.735 c | 65.04 b | 1.78 b | 21.42 a | 14.94 a | 16.98 c |
0.3 % | 0.789 b | 70.10 a | 1.93 a | 21.7 a | 15.24 a | 22.19 b | |
0.6 % | 0.845 a | 72.01 a | 1.99 a | 20.08 a | 14.89 a | 27.55 a | |
Boron | Control (0) | 0.727 c | 62.14 c | 1.70 c | 23.33 a | 10.62 c | 21.94 a |
0.4 % | 0.788 b | 68.08 b | 1.94 b | 21.80 a | 14.48 b | 23.11 a | |
0.8 % | 0.854 a | 76.92 a | 2.06 a | 18.11 b | 19.96 a | 21.67 a |
Treatments | Essential Oil Content (%) | Essential Oil Yield (g·m−2) | Carvacrol (%) | Total Phenol (mg GAE·g−1 Dry Weight) | FRAP Assay (μmol Fe+2·g−1 Dry Weight) | DPPH Assay (IC50 mg·mL−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 2.05 c | 3.52 c | 87.38 a | 51.77 b | 634.98 b | 0.088 a |
0.3 % | 2.32 b | 4.16 b | 90.28 a | 52.61 b | 696.32 a | 0.085 a | |
0.6 % | 2.65 a | 5.05 a | 88.79 a | 58.12 a | 731.25 a | 0.072 b | |
Boron | Control (0) | 2.15 c | 3.29 c | 86.52 b | 46.03 c | 651.14 b | 0.095 a |
0.4 % | 2.31 b | 4.24 b | 88.60 b | 54.65 b | 668.60 b | 0.077 b | |
0.8 % | 2.55 a | 5.20 a | 91.83 a | 61.80 a | 742.81 a | 0.073 b |
Treatments | Essential Oil Content (%) | Essential Oil Yield (g·m−2) | Total Phenol (mg GAE·g−1 Dry Weight) | Total Flavonoid (mg RE·g−1 Dry Weight) | FRAP Assay (μmol Fe+2·g−1 Dry Weight) | DPPH Assay (IC50 mg·mL−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Control (0) | 2.18 c | 7.08 b | 57.70 a | 31.45 a | 744.19 b | 0.078 a |
0.3 % | 2.48 b | 9.62 b | 60.98 a | 32.13 a | 772.66 b | 0.076 ab | |
0.6 % | 2.84 a | 13.31 a | 64.22 a | 30.68 a | 820.14 a | 0.068 b | |
Boron | Control (0) | 2.27 c | 7.56 b | 53.14 b | 27.58 b | 736.69 b | 0.087 a |
0.4 % | 2.47 b | 10.49 ab | 61.97 a | 32.78 a | 768.60 b | 0.070 b | |
0.8 % | 2.76 a | 11.97 a | 67.77 a | 33.90 a | 831.70 a | 0.066 b |
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Mumivand, H.; Khanizadeh, P.; Morshedloo, M.R.; Sierka, E.; Żuk-Gołaszewska, K.; Horaczek, T.; Kalaji, H.M. Improvement of Growth, Yield, Seed Production and Phytochemical Properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad by Foliar Application of Boron and Zinc. Plants 2021, 10, 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112469
Mumivand H, Khanizadeh P, Morshedloo MR, Sierka E, Żuk-Gołaszewska K, Horaczek T, Kalaji HM. Improvement of Growth, Yield, Seed Production and Phytochemical Properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad by Foliar Application of Boron and Zinc. Plants. 2021; 10(11):2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112469
Chicago/Turabian StyleMumivand, Hasan, Parisa Khanizadeh, Mohammad Reza Morshedloo, Edyta Sierka, Krystyna Żuk-Gołaszewska, Tomasz Horaczek, and Hazem M. Kalaji. 2021. "Improvement of Growth, Yield, Seed Production and Phytochemical Properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad by Foliar Application of Boron and Zinc" Plants 10, no. 11: 2469. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112469