Systems

15 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Users’ Approach to ICT Platforms in the City Management

by Francesco Caputo^* and Leonard Walletzký

Department of Computer Systems and Communication, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic

Systems 2017, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010001 - 6 Jan 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8157

The increasing relevance of technology and its impact on our everyday life requires multi- and trans-disciplinary studies in order to investigate the ways in which the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are affected by users’ features and by the external environment. In [...] Read more.

The increasing relevance of technology and its impact on our everyday life requires multi- and trans-disciplinary studies in order to investigate the ways in which the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are affected by users’ features and by the external environment. In order to enrich existing contributions on this topic, the paper focuses its attention on the city as example of service systems, in order to investigate dimensions and dynamics that influence the city employees’ evaluation and satisfaction in the use of ICT platforms. By adopting the interpretative lens offered by Service Science and Systems Thinking, the domain of city as a service system is analysed and some hypotheses are formulated with reference to the relationships between environment, users, and ICT platform. The hypotheses are investigated through a questionnaire survey on a sample of 1032 municipalities in the Czech Republic and the results are tested using Structural Equation Modelling. The research shows that users’ features and external environment affect the evaluation and the satisfaction of city stakeholders about the use of ICT platforms by underlining the need for enlarging the study on informatics tools, in order to also include subjective variables. The findings are discussed from both theoretical and practical points of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Service Systems)

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2 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Systems in 2016

by Systems Editorial Office

MDPI AG, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland

Systems 2017, 5(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010002 - 11 Jan 2017

Viewed by 5402

Abstract

The editors of Systems would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...] Full article

16 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

System-of-Systems Design Thinking on Behavior

by Christian Stary

Department of Business Information Systems, Communications Engineering, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria

Systems 2017, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010003 - 13 Jan 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 10173

Abstract

Due to the increasing digitalization of all societal systems, informed design of services and systems becomes pertinent for various stakeholders. This paper discusses the design of digital systems in a user-centered way with the help of subject-oriented design. The approach follows a communication-driven [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing digitalization of all societal systems, informed design of services and systems becomes pertinent for various stakeholders. This paper discusses the design of digital systems in a user-centered way with the help of subject-oriented design. The approach follows a communication-driven and network-centric perspective on a System-of-Systems, whereby system specifications encapsulate behavior and exchange messages, including relevant data, such as business objects. Systems can represent activities of human actors, as well as artefacts. Stakeholders can be actively involved in their roles in the design of a System-of-Systems. In the course of design, they identify and refine role-specific behavior, based on communication to other actors or systems. A System-of-Systems specification evolves as a network of cooperating behavior entities. It develops according to communication needs and system-specific capabilities, on the level of synchronized execution agents, or as an overlay mechanism on existing applications or sub networks. Since certain behavior sequences, such as decision-making procedures, are re-occurring in organizations or eco-systems, the design of complex systems can be facilitated by behavior patterns stemming from existing modeling experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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46 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study for the Return on Investment of Internet of Things Using Agent-Based Modelling and Data Science

by Charles Houston¹, Stephen Gooberman-Hill², Richard Mathie², Andrew Kennedy², Yunxi Li² and Pedro Baiz^2,*

¹ Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK

² Amey Strategic Consulting and Technology, 10 Furnival Street, London EC4A 1AB, UK

Systems 2017, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010004 - 25 Jan 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 11695

Abstract

As technology advances towards new paradigms such as the Internet of Things, there is a desire among business leaders for a reliable method to determine the value of supporting these ventures. Traditional simulation and analysis techniques cannot model the complex systems inherent in [...] Read more.

As technology advances towards new paradigms such as the Internet of Things, there is a desire among business leaders for a reliable method to determine the value of supporting these ventures. Traditional simulation and analysis techniques cannot model the complex systems inherent in fields such as infrastructure asset management, or suffer from a lack of data on which to build a prediction. Agent-based modelling, through an integration with data science, presents an attractive simulation method to capture these underlying complexities and provide a solution. The aim of this work is to investigate this integration as a refined process for answering practical business questions. A specific case study is addressed to assess the return on investment of installing condition monitoring sensors on lift assets in a London Underground station. An agent-based model is developed for this purpose, supported by analysis from historical data. The simulation results demonstrate how returns can be achieved and highlight features induced as a result of stochasticity in the model. Suggestions of future research paths are additionally outlined. Full article

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22 pages, 10280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing a 3D Multiple Mobile Medical Imaging System through Service Science, Management, Engineering and Design

by Kang-Lin Peng^1,2,*

, Yu-Ling Lin³ and Yu-Chee Tseng⁴

¹ Institute of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsihchu 30010, Taiwan

² Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Macao

³ Institute of Network Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan

⁴ College of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan

Systems 2017, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010005 - 17 Jan 2017

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8282

Abstract

Following the trend of using mobile devices for healthcare, a 3D multiple mobile medical imaging system (3D MMMIS) for doctor’s diagnosis and treatment was constructed through service science, management, engineering and design (SSMED) that can co-create the value between technology and humanity. Service [...] Read more.

Following the trend of using mobile devices for healthcare, a 3D multiple mobile medical imaging system (3D MMMIS) for doctor’s diagnosis and treatment was constructed through service science, management, engineering and design (SSMED) that can co-create the value between technology and humanity. Service experience engineering (SEE) methods were applied to a scenario of a doctors’ consultation, which is a deliberation of two or more healthcare doctors about diagnosis or treatment in particular cases. Proof of service was processed to test the prototype of the 3D MMMIS to check the doctors’ satisfaction with the innovative systems. Results show that doctors are satisfied with the 3D MMMIS. Conclusions suggested that the 3D MMMIS can be a helpful health technology for future healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Service Systems)

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24 pages, 5321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Climate Change-Road Safety-Economy Nexus: A System Dynamics Approach to Understanding Complex Interdependencies

by Mehdi Alirezaei¹, Nuri C. Onat², Omer Tatari^1,*

and Mohamed Abdel-Aty¹

¹ Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

² Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul 34662, Turkey

Systems 2017, 5(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010006 - 23 Jan 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 12178

Abstract

Road accidents have the highest externality costs to society and to the economy, even when compared to the externality damages associated with air emissions and oil dependency. Road safety is one of the most complicated topics, which involves many interdependencies, and so, a [...] Read more.

Road accidents have the highest externality costs to society and to the economy, even when compared to the externality damages associated with air emissions and oil dependency. Road safety is one of the most complicated topics, which involves many interdependencies, and so, a sufficiently thorough analysis of roadway safety will require a novel system-based approach in which the associated feedback relationships and causal effects are given appropriate consideration. The factors affecting accident frequency and severity are highly dependent on economic parameters, environmental factors and weather conditions. In this study, we try to use a system dynamics modeling approach to model the climate change-road safety-economy nexus, thereby investigating the complex interactions among these important areas by tracking how they affect each other over time. For this purpose, five sub-models are developed to model each aspect of the overall nexus and to interact with each other to simulate the overall system. As a result, this comprehensive model can provide a platform for policy makers to test the effectiveness of different policy scenarios to reduce the negative consequences of traffic accidents and improve road safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current State-of-the-Art of System Dynamics Modelling and Simulation)

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15 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Modeling of Neural Net Input/Output Behaviors: The Case of XOR

by Bernard P. Zeigler^1,* and Alexandre Muzy²

¹ Co-Director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Modeling and Simulation (ACIMS), University of Arizona and Chief Scientist, RTSync Corp., 12500 Park Potomac Ave. #905-S, Potomac, MD 20854, USA

² CNRS, I3S, Université Côte d’Azur, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France

Systems 2017, 5(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010007 - 25 Jan 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8107

Abstract

In the context of the modeling and simulation of neural nets, we formulate definitions for the behavioral realization of memoryless functions. The definitions of realization are substantively different for deterministic and stochastic systems constructed of neuron-inspired components. In contrast to earlier generations of [...] Read more.

In the context of the modeling and simulation of neural nets, we formulate definitions for the behavioral realization of memoryless functions. The definitions of realization are substantively different for deterministic and stochastic systems constructed of neuron-inspired components. In contrast to earlier generations of neural net models, third generation spiking neural nets exhibit important temporal and dynamic properties, and random neural nets provide alternative probabilistic approaches. Our definitions of realization are based on the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism that fundamentally include temporal and probabilistic characteristics of neuron system inputs, state, and outputs. The realizations that we construct—in particular for the Exclusive Or (XOR) logic gate—provide insight into the temporal and probabilistic characteristics that real neural systems might display. Our results provide a solid system-theoretical foundation and simulation modeling framework for the high-performance computational support of such applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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13 pages, 5872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis Matrix for the Assessment of Smart City Technologies: Main Results of Its Application

by Pablo E. Branchi^*, Carlos Fernandez-Valdivielso and Ignacio R. Matias

Institute of Smart Cities (ISC)—Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain

Systems 2017, 5(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010008 - 29 Jan 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8772

Abstract

The paper presents the main results of a previously developed methodology to better evaluate new technologies in Smart Cities, using a tool to evaluate different systems and technologies regarding their usefulness, considering each application and how technologies can impact the physical space and [...] Read more.

The paper presents the main results of a previously developed methodology to better evaluate new technologies in Smart Cities, using a tool to evaluate different systems and technologies regarding their usefulness, considering each application and how technologies can impact the physical space and natural environment. Technologies have also been evaluated according to how they are used by citizens, who must be the main concern of all urban development. Through a survey conducted among the Smart City Spanish network (RECI) we found that the ICT’s that change our cities everyday must be reviewed, developing an innovative methodology in order to find an analysis matrix to assess and score all the technologies that affect a Smart City strategy. The paper provides the results of this methodology regarding the three main aspects to be considered in urban developments: mobility, energy efficiency, and quality of life after obtaining the final score for every analyzed technology. This methodology fulfills an identified need to study how new technologies could affect urban scenarios before being applied, developing an analysis system to be used by urban planners and policy-makers to decide how best to use them, and this paper tries to show, in a simple way, how they can appreciate the variances between different solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Regions as Systems of Innovation)

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11 pages, 2120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hierarchal Risk Assessment Model Using the Evidential Reasoning Rule

by Xiaoxiao Ji¹, Jiang Jiang^1,*, Jianbin Sun¹ and Yu-Wang Chen²

¹ College of Information System and Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

² Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M15 6PB, UK

Systems 2017, 5(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010009 - 6 Feb 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7823

Abstract

This paper aims to develop a hierarchical risk assessment model using the newly-developed evidential reasoning (ER) rule, which constitutes a generic conjunctive probabilistic reasoning process. In this paper, we first provide a brief introduction to the basics of the ER rule and emphasize [...] Read more.

This paper aims to develop a hierarchical risk assessment model using the newly-developed evidential reasoning (ER) rule, which constitutes a generic conjunctive probabilistic reasoning process. In this paper, we first provide a brief introduction to the basics of the ER rule and emphasize the strengths for representing and aggregating uncertain information from multiple experts and sources. Further, we discuss the key steps of developing the hierarchical risk assessment framework systematically, including (1) formulation of risk assessment hierarchy; (2) representation of both qualitative and quantitative information; (3) elicitation of attribute weights and information reliabilities; (4) aggregation of assessment information using the ER rule and (5) quantification and ranking of risks using utility-based transformation. The proposed hierarchical risk assessment framework can potentially be implemented to various complex and uncertain systems. A case study on the fire/explosion risk assessment of marine vessels demonstrates the applicability of the proposed risk assessment model. Full article

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12 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

New Resource-Wise Planning Strategies for Smart Urban-Rural Development in Finland

by Emilia Rönkkö^1,*, Anna Luusua¹, Eeva Aarrevaara², Aulikki Herneoja¹ and Toivo Muilu³

¹ Oulu School of Architecture, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland

² Faculty of Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Lahti FI-15110, Finland

³ Natural Resources Institute (Luke), Economics and Society, Oulu FI-90014, Finland

Systems 2017, 5(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010010 - 7 Feb 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8514

Abstract

This article discusses the opportunities and challenges for resource-wise development strategies in regional planning. Spatial planning integrates the key aspects, transportation, housing, and food production which are, on many occasions, stated as the most significant consumption factors causing environmental impacts. In light of [...] Read more.

This article discusses the opportunities and challenges for resource-wise development strategies in regional planning. Spatial planning integrates the key aspects, transportation, housing, and food production which are, on many occasions, stated as the most significant consumption factors causing environmental impacts. In light of the challenges that regions are currently facing in Finland, we are drawing attention to the role of strategic spatial planning as demand-responsive resource management, a theme which is still inadequately addressed within regional development and planning in Finland. In many other fields of society, innovative data-based products and demand- and user-driven services are considered important sources of success in the future. Such strategies combine different types of service providers, like deliveries for groceries or restaurant meals, mobile healthcare services, or public transport with on-demand services. We highlight the fact that a regionally large and sparsely populated country, such as Finland, cannot achieve success solely through centralisation. Instead, smart networking, co-creation, and innovative cyber-physical solutions are vital for the utilisation of the entire country’s resource potentiality. In conclusion, we underpin the need for a framework, which would offer a strategic support scheme for resource-wise development, resource optimization, and closure of yield gaps. In our view it is necessary to begin to envision, strategise, and develop user- and demand-responsive development strategies with a specific aim for sustainable, resource-wise ways of life in northern regions, also outside the growing urban centres, and innovate solutions that help individuals, communities, and the whole society to renew and manage resources wisely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Regions as Systems of Innovation)

16 pages, 496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reaction Networks as a Language for Systemic Modeling: Fundamentals and Examples

by Tomas Veloz^1,2,*

and Pablo Razeto-Barry^2,3,*

¹ Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies, Brussels Free University, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

² Insituto de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Complejidad, Los Alerces 3024, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile

³ Universidad Diego Portales, Vicerrectoría Académica, Manuel Rodríguez Sur 415, Santiago, Chile

Systems 2017, 5(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010011 - 8 Feb 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8174

Abstract

The basic processes that bring about living systems are conventionally represented in the framework of chemical reaction networks. Recently, it has been proposed that this framework can be exploited for studying various other phenomena. Reaction networks are specially suited for representing situations where [...] Read more.

The basic processes that bring about living systems are conventionally represented in the framework of chemical reaction networks. Recently, it has been proposed that this framework can be exploited for studying various other phenomena. Reaction networks are specially suited for representing situations where different types of entities interact in contextual ways leading to the emergence of meta-structures. At an abstract level, a reaction network represents a universe whose evolution corresponds to the transformation of collections of entities into other collections of entities. Hence, we propose that systems correspond to the sub-networks that are stable enough to be observed. In this article, we discuss how to use reaction networks for representing systems. Namely, we introduce the different representational levels available (relational, stoichiometric, and kinetic), we show how to identify observable systems in the reaction network, discuss some relevant systemic notions such as context, emergence, and meta-system, and present some examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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18 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complexity Triggered by Economic Globalisation— The Issue of On-Line Betting-Related Match Fixing

by Wladimir Andreff

University Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Observatory of the sports economy at the (French) Ministry of Sports, International Association of Sports Economists and of the European Sports Economics Association, 61 chemin du Pouget, Lédignan 30350, France

Systems 2017, 5(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010012 - 13 Feb 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8918

Abstract

Complexity in mainstream economics consists in high intermediary consumption of mathematics. A new approach to complexity economics dwells upon path-dependent global systems; their emergence and evolving organisation. The focus here is on the complexity of the real economic world due to globalisation. On-line [...] Read more.

Complexity in mainstream economics consists in high intermediary consumption of mathematics. A new approach to complexity economics dwells upon path-dependent global systems; their emergence and evolving organisation. The focus here is on the complexity of the real economic world due to globalisation. On-line betting related match-fixing is a case in point about which the article presents non-exhaustive empirical evidence and shows how it is analysed with the standard model of the economics of crime. There is no room for complexity in such an individualistic approach to corrupt behaviour applied to bet-related fixes. A more complex model is sketched based on interactions between a global (though underground) market for fixes and the actual partly legal, partly illegal global sport betting market. These interactions exhibit how complex is the issue of combating betting-related match fixing. Reviewing those major policies envisaged for containing the latter—prohibition; sanctions; regulation; privatisation (betting rights)—the article opts for a global ‘Sportbettobin’ tax on sport betting gains; in the same vein as the famous Tobin tax on international capital transfers. The novelty in this approach is a variable (increasing) rate applied to increasing tranches of taxation (gains) which should dry up the worst cases of on-line bettingrelated match fixing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Social Systems: Theory And Practice)

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12 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessReview

Systems Engineering in Front-End Governance of Major Public Investment Projects

by Knut Samset

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7020 Trondheim, Norway

Systems 2017, 5(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010013 - 15 Feb 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8847

Abstract

This paper provides an account of how systems engineering principles are applied by the Norwegian government to improve up-front planning and decision-making of large public investment projects, as well as the effect of these efforts after 15 years of operations. It suggests that [...] Read more.

This paper provides an account of how systems engineering principles are applied by the Norwegian government to improve up-front planning and decision-making of large public investment projects, as well as the effect of these efforts after 15 years of operations. It suggests that the results are promising, both in securing budgetary compliance, but also to ensure conceptual solutions that are economically viable in a life-time perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Research)

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19 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Integrating a Production Design Generator with a Business Decision Support System for System-Level Decision Making

by Troy Seletos and John Salmon^*

Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA

Systems 2017, 5(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010014 - 15 Feb 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7175

Abstract

Decision support systems (DSSs) are used to enhance decision making speed and effectiveness. However, without a view of the entire system, any decision may have unanticipated effects, such as sub-optimal outcomes. This paper explores the benefits of applying a DSS over the analysis [...] Read more.

Decision support systems (DSSs) are used to enhance decision making speed and effectiveness. However, without a view of the entire system, any decision may have unanticipated effects, such as sub-optimal outcomes. This paper explores the benefits of applying a DSS over the analysis of unprocessed data and the effectiveness of integrating a product design generator (PDG) with a business DSS where system-level effects can be analyzed. Using survey questions and recording decision makers’ actions, it was found that decision makers are significantly faster and came to better conclusions when using the DSS over unprocessed data. However, it was also seen that the difference between the two variants of the system DSS that were used for testing was insignificant. Overall, this research shows that having a system-level tool is better than the unprocessed data and that large differences in a DSS are required for improvement between them. Full article

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11 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Transdisciplinarity Needs Systemism

by Wolfgang Hofkirchner

Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science; Paulanergasse 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria,

Systems 2017, 5(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010015 - 16 Feb 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8849

Abstract

The main message of this paper is that systemism is best suited for transdisciplinary studies. A description of disciplinary sciences, transdisciplinary sciences and systems sciences is given, along with their different definitions of aims, scope and tools. The rationale for transdisciplinarity is global [...] Read more.

The main message of this paper is that systemism is best suited for transdisciplinary studies. A description of disciplinary sciences, transdisciplinary sciences and systems sciences is given, along with their different definitions of aims, scope and tools. The rationale for transdisciplinarity is global challenges, which are complex. The rationale for systemism is the concretization of understanding complexity. Drawing upon Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s intention of a General System Theory, three items deserve attention—the world-view of a synergistic systems technology, the world picture of an emergentist systems theory, and the way of thinking of an integrationist systems method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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45 pages, 4146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Balance Paradigm for Post-Plutocracy: Toward Sustainable Development with Integral Harmony

by Kensei Hiwaki

International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS), Canada, and Tokyo International University, Saitama 350-1198, Japan

Systems 2017, 5(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010016 - 22 Feb 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8539

Abstract

For a sustainable human future, a rapid paradigm shift is a must from the prevailing “Explosion Paradigm” to a more reasonable “Balance Paradigm” by means of constantly enriching the existing diverse society-specific holistic cultures (“Cultures”). This means inviting a new age of balanced [...] Read more.

For a sustainable human future, a rapid paradigm shift is a must from the prevailing “Explosion Paradigm” to a more reasonable “Balance Paradigm” by means of constantly enriching the existing diverse society-specific holistic cultures (“Cultures”). This means inviting a new age of balanced and integrated socio-economic systems worldwide with the help of the most important human common property—diverse Cultures. Generally speaking, each Culture has been deeply interwoven with its social value system, belief system, natural-social environments, and experience-based knowledge and wisdom. Such Cultures all over the world, however, have been mostly devastated by the modern ideology of lopsided market fundamentalism (“Market”) that has favored the plutocracy-driven power structure (“Big Market”) of the world. In order to seek a sustainable future by achieving the paradigm shift, the devastated diverse Cultures need to be restored, invigorated and enriched by long-term worldwide collaborations. For such a purpose, we cannot rely totally on the existing line of modern thoughts and theories of economics and other disciplines. Therefore, the present article introduces an alternative theoretical framework of balanced socio-economic development, which is argued for on the assumption of respectively and differently enriched diverse Cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Social Systems: Theory And Practice)

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27 pages, 14220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formal Proof of the Dependable Bypassing Routing Algorithm Suitable for Adaptive Networks on Chip QnoC Architecture

by Hayat Daoud^1,2, Camel Tanougast^2,*

, Mostefa Belarbi¹, Mikael Heil² and Camille Diou²

¹ Laboratory of Informatics and Mathematics (LIM), University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria

² Laboratoire de Conception, Optimisation et Modélisation des Systèmes (LCOMS), ASEC Team, Université de Lorraine, Metz 57070, France

Systems 2017, 5(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010017 - 22 Feb 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7660

Abstract

Approaches for the design of fault tolerant Network-on-Chip (NoC) for use in System-on-Chip (SoC) reconfigurable technology using Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology are challenging, especially in Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) design. To achieve this, the use of rigorous formal approaches, based on incremental design [...] Read more.

Approaches for the design of fault tolerant Network-on-Chip (NoC) for use in System-on-Chip (SoC) reconfigurable technology using Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology are challenging, especially in Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) design. To achieve this, the use of rigorous formal approaches, based on incremental design and proof theory, has become an essential step in the validation process. The Event-B method is a promising formal approach that can be used to develop, model and prove accurately SoC and MPSoC architectures. This paper proposes a formal verification approach for NoC architecture including the dependability constraints relating to the choice of the path routing of data packets and the strategy imposed for diversion when faulty routers are detected. The formalization process is incremental and validated by correct-by-construction development of the NoC architecture. Using the concepts of graph colouring and B-event formalism, the results obtained have demonstrated its efficiency for determining the bugs, and a solution to ensure a fast and reliable operation of the network when compared to existing similar methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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18 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Techno-Politics of Data and Smart Devolution in City-Regions: Comparing Glasgow, Bristol, Barcelona, and Bilbao

by Igor Calzada

University of Oxford, Urban Transformations ESRC & Future of Cities Programmes, COMPAS, 58 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6QS, UK

Systems 2017, 5(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010018 - 22 Feb 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 16073

Abstract

This paper explores the substantial effect that the critical understanding and techno-political consideration of data are having in some smart city strategies. Particularly, the paper presents some results of a comparative study of four cases of smart city transitions: Glasgow, Bristol, Barcelona, and [...] Read more.

This paper explores the substantial effect that the critical understanding and techno-political consideration of data are having in some smart city strategies. Particularly, the paper presents some results of a comparative study of four cases of smart city transitions: Glasgow, Bristol, Barcelona, and Bilbao. Likewise, considering how relevant the city-regional path-dependency is in each territorial context, the paper will elucidate the notion of smart devolution as a key governance component that is enabling some cities to formulate their own smart city-regional governance policies and implement them by considering the role of the smart citizens as decision makers rather than mere data providers. The paper concludes by identifying an implicit smart city-regional governance strategy for each case based on the techno-politics of data and smart devolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities and Regions as Systems of Innovation)

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28 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research vs. Practice on Manufacturing Firms’ Servitization Strategies: A Gap Analysis and Research Agenda

by Marco Perona

, Nicola Saccani

and Andrea Bacchetti^*

RISE Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy

Systems 2017, 5(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010019 - 24 Feb 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 13325

Abstract

Servitization in the manufacturing industry implies a shift from an offer based mainly on standard goods, to a wider value proposition composed of solutions aimed at solving specific customers’ problems, obtained by integrating tangible and intangible elements. The purpose of this paper is [...] Read more.

Servitization in the manufacturing industry implies a shift from an offer based mainly on standard goods, to a wider value proposition composed of solutions aimed at solving specific customers’ problems, obtained by integrating tangible and intangible elements. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the servitization strategies of manufacturing firms, more specifically about: (i) how manufacturing companies move toward servitization (servitization pattern); (ii) how they achieve the capabilities needed; and (iii) which factors enable this transition. We did so by comparing the state of the art of academic research with a qualified sample of case studies of global companies that famously improved their competitiveness by shifting from products to solutions. The results show some gaps between research and practice, concerning in particular: the impact (either transformational or integrative) of servitization on the manufacturing organization; the role of financial resources in shaping the capability achievement strategy, particularly for external acquisitions, and; the role of servitization enablers poorly considered by the extant literature, such as time, leadership and continuity, operational excellence and digital technologies. These findings lead to the definition of seven formalized research directions, thus outlining an agenda for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Service Systems)

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13 pages, 1153 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Role of Analytical Frameworks for Systemic Research Design, Explained in the Analysis of Drivers and Dynamics of Historic Land-Use Changes

by Claudia Coral^* and Wolfgang Bokelmann

Department of Agricultural Economics, Thaer-Institute, Humboldt-University Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany

Systems 2017, 5(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010020 - 24 Feb 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 15263

Abstract

Analytical frameworks provide the basic vocabulary of concepts and terms that may be used to construct the kinds of causal explanations expected of a theory. In addition, framework-based approaches are applied as a way of dealing with the complexity that arises in situations [...] Read more.

Analytical frameworks provide the basic vocabulary of concepts and terms that may be used to construct the kinds of causal explanations expected of a theory. In addition, framework-based approaches are applied as a way of dealing with the complexity that arises in situations involving human interactions with the environment. This paper presents an example of an application of the “Analytical Framework for a Systemic Analysis of Drivers and Dynamics of Historical Land-Use Changes” with the purpose of showing the role of the selected analytical framework in the design of systemic research, namely as it is conceived and as it develops over time. This analytical framework helps to organize research by linking the theoretical questions to the empirical analysis, while serving as a platform for the construction of theoretical explanations, which represent the flow of knowledge in various contexts and conditions. In the context of systems research, the combination of an analytical framework with grounded theory approaches may allow researchers to achieve both creative thinking and novel outcomes, without losing a certain degree of coherence. We also hope to understand the real motives behind decision-making and dynamics of space and time in order to support the design of policies that take into account local differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Research)

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17 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Are Ideological Systems?

by Josué Antonio Nescolarde-Selva^1,*

, José-Luis Usó-Doménech¹ and Hugh Gash²

¹ Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Alicante, 03690 Alacant, Spain

² Institute of Education, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland

Systems 2017, 5(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010021 - 25 Feb 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 30050

Abstract

Ideology is a systemic property of cognition central to the transmission and actualization of beliefs. Ideologies take many forms including religious, philosophical, popular and scientific. They play a central role in both personal identity and in the way society holds itself together. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Ideology is a systemic property of cognition central to the transmission and actualization of beliefs. Ideologies take many forms including religious, philosophical, popular and scientific. They play a central role in both personal identity and in the way society holds itself together. Therefore, it is important to understand how to model identities. The article introduces ideologies as a function of cognition that have been described by political scientists and critical theorists. There follows a typology of ideologies that shows their increasing complexity as societies develop. These considerations lead to the identification of key elements and variables in an ideology that can be expressed mathematically together with some of their systemic relations. These variables may be used to estimate the validation of ideologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Social Systems: Theory And Practice)

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10 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apithology Systems Inquiry: Evaluation from a Generativist Ontology

by Will Varey

Centre for Humanity Learning, PO Box 167, Albert Park, Victoria 3206, Australia

Systems 2017, 5(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010022 - 2 Mar 2017

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6212

Abstract

The ontological premise of a systems research philosophy raises some unique questions about research efficacy. The study of the relations between abstract objects in bounded contexts places systems inquiry into a specific research category. Different systems research paradigms deal with the question of [...] Read more.

The ontological premise of a systems research philosophy raises some unique questions about research efficacy. The study of the relations between abstract objects in bounded contexts places systems inquiry into a specific research category. Different systems research paradigms deal with the question of research evaluation distinctively. This article examines the defining criteria for the evaluation of systems research within a generativist systems ontology. Three criteria to inform the design of generativist systems research are proposed. Their use is illustrated for the generativist systems research discipline of apithology. The proposed criteria of research validity, credibility and reliability generate a fourth criterion: systems research veracity. A heuristic for discerning the results of a generativist research design prior to its commencement is provided by an apithology triptych. The benefit of this approach is to enable the design of research of relevance, significance and importance that leads naturally to apithology systems research of consequence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Research)

46 pages, 2234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Systems to Organisations

by Maurício Kritz

National Laboratory for Scientific Computation, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333, 25651-075 Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil

Systems 2017, 5(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems5010023 - 6 Mar 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8123

Abstract

Warren Weaver, writing about the function that science should have in mankind’s developing future, ideas and ideals, proposed to classify scientific problems into ‘problems of simplicity’, ‘problems of disorganised complexity’, and ‘problems of organised complexity’—the huge complementary class to which all biological, human, [...] Read more.

Warren Weaver, writing about the function that science should have in mankind’s developing future, ideas and ideals, proposed to classify scientific problems into ‘problems of simplicity’, ‘problems of disorganised complexity’, and ‘problems of organised complexity’—the huge complementary class to which all biological, human, and social problems belong. Problems of simplicity have few components and variables and have been extensively addressed in the last 400 years. Problems of disorganised complexity have a huge number of individually erratic components and variables, but possess collective regularities that can be analysed by resourcing to stochastic methods. Yet, ‘problems of organised complexity’ do not yield easily to classical or statistical treatment. Interrelations among phenomenon elements change during its evolution alongside commonly used state variables. This invalidates independence and additivity assumptions that support reductionism and affect behaviour and outcome. Moreover, organisation, the focal point in this complementary class, is still an elusive concept despite gigantic efforts undertaken since a century ago to tame it. This paper addresses the description, representation and study of phenomena in the ‘problems of organised complexity’ class, arguing that they should be treated as a collection of interacting organisations. Furthermore, grounded on relational mathematical constructs, a formal theoretical framework that provides operational definitions, schemes for representing organisations and their changes, as well as interactions of organisations is introduced. Organisations formally extend the general systems concept and suggest a novel perspective for addressing organised complexity phenomena as a collection of interacting organisations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Generation General System Theory: Perspectives in Philosophy and Approaches in Complex Systems)

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