Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein-Based Films Functionalized with Palestinian Satureja capitata Essential Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Thymbra Essential Oil Extraction
2.3. Determination of Thymbra Essential Oil Composition
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Thymbra Leaves
2.5. Zeta Potential and Particle Size Measurements of Whey Protein Film-Forming Solutions (FFSs)
2.6. Antimicrobial Activity of Whey Protein Film-Forming Solutions
2.7. Whey Protein-Based Film Preparation
2.8. Film Opacity Determination
2.9. Film Thickness and Mechanical Properties
2.10. Film Moisture Content and Uptake
2.11. Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein Films
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of Thymbra Essential Oils
3.2. Antimicrobial Activity of Thymbra Essential Oil Samples
3.3. Characterization of the Film-Forming Solution Containing Thymbra Essential Oil
3.4. Opacity, Thickness, and Mechanical Properties of Films Functionalized with Thymbra Essential Oil
3.5. Moisture Content and Uptake of Whey Protein Films Containing Thymbra Essential Oil
3.6. Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity of Whey Protein Films Containing Thymbra Essential Oil
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | TEO1 | TEO2 |
---|---|---|
α-Phellandrene | 1.65 | 3.16 |
δ-3-Carene | 1.48 | 1.44 |
Camphene | 0.36 | 0.36 |
β-Pinene | 0.41 | 0.36 |
α-Pinene | 1.10 | – |
α-Terpinolene | 7.19 | 0.26 |
p-Cymene | 19.53 | – |
Ortho-Cymene | – | 0.48 |
γ-Terpinene | 38.95 | 57.81 |
ψ-Limonene | 0.69 | – |
α-Terpinenol | 0.05 | 4.31 |
Anisole | 0.67 | – |
Thymol | 1.07 | 0.95 |
Carvacrol | 22.96 | 23.2 |
Caryophyllene | 2.63 | 4.40 |
Linalool | – | 1.06 |
Endo-Borneol | – | 0.20 |
α-Humulene | – | 0.14 |
γ-Elemene | – | 0.10 |
Total identified | 98.74 | 98.26 |
Others | 1.26 | 1.74 |
ATCC # | 25923 | 25922 | 13883 | 8427 | 700221 | 9027 | Clinical Strain | 90028 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strains name | Staphylococcus aureus | Escherichia coli | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Proteus vulgaris | Enterococcus faecium | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Candida albicans |
MIC100 TEO1 | 1/1600 | 1/800 | 1/800 | 1/1600 | 1/800 | 1/1600 | 1/800 | 1/800 |
MIC100 TEO2 | 1/800 | 1/800 | 1/400 | 1/800 | 1/400 | 1/800 | 1/400 | 1/400 |
Film | Moisture Content (%) | Moisture Uptake (%) |
---|---|---|
Control sample | 22.3 ± 2.6 a | 11.3 ± 2.9 a |
+ 0.1 % (v/v) TEO1 | 20.3 ± 1.8 a,b | 11.7 ± 2.5 a |
+ 0.4 % (v/v) TEO1 | 18.5 ± 1.4 a,b | 12.1 ± 1.1 a |
+ 0.8 % (v/v) TEO1 | 17.5 ± 0.7 b | 13.3 ± 0.8 a |
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Abdalrazeq, M.; Jaradat, N.; Qadi, M.; Giosafatto, C.V.L.; Dell’Olmo, E.; Gaglione, R.; Arciello, A.; Porta, R. Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein-Based Films Functionalized with Palestinian Satureja capitata Essential Oil. Coatings 2021, 11, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111364
Abdalrazeq M, Jaradat N, Qadi M, Giosafatto CVL, Dell’Olmo E, Gaglione R, Arciello A, Porta R. Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein-Based Films Functionalized with Palestinian Satureja capitata Essential Oil. Coatings. 2021; 11(11):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111364
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdalrazeq, Manar, Nidal Jaradat, Mohammad Qadi, C. Valeria L. Giosafatto, Eliana Dell’Olmo, Rosa Gaglione, Angela Arciello, and Raffaele Porta. 2021. "Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Whey Protein-Based Films Functionalized with Palestinian Satureja capitata Essential Oil" Coatings 11, no. 11: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111364