Syndecan-4 as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Resistant Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Patients, Baroreflex Activation Therapy (BAT) and Study Protocol
2.2. Patient Collective of the Control Group
2.3. Office Blood Pressure (BP) and 24 h Measurements
2.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Analysis of Human Syndecan-4 (SDC4)
2.5. Measurement of Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patients and Blood Pressure
3.2. SDC4 is Elevated in Patients with Resistant Arterial Hypertension (HTN)
3.3. Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type II Show Higher Serum SDC4-Levels
3.4. No Influence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on Serum SDC4-Levels
3.5. β-Blockers and Thiazide Diuretics Decrease, and Calcium Channel Blockers Increase the Serum Level of SDC4
4. Discussion
5. Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
ADAM-17 | metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 |
ARB | angiotensin receptor blocker |
BAT | baroreflex activation therapy |
BMI | body mass index |
BP | blood pressure |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
eNOS | endothelial nitric oxide synthase |
GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
HLP | hyperlipoproteinemia |
HTN | arterial hypertension |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
SD | standard deviation |
SDC4 | syndecan-4 |
SEM | standard error of the mean |
References
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Parameter | Control Group | Resistant Hypertension Group | p |
---|---|---|---|
n | 35 | 19 | |
female n (%) Male n (%) | 18 (51%) 17 (49%) | 10 (53%) 9 (47%) | 0.99 0.99 |
age (years) | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 61.1 ± 10 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 32.4 ± 6.6 | <0.01 |
smokers n (%) | 4 (11%) | 13 (68%) | <0.01 |
relevant concomitant diseases | |||
CKD n (%) | - | 13 (68%) | |
CKD ≥ STAGE 3 | - | 12 (63%) | |
DM n (%) | - | 7 (36%) | |
HLP n (%) | - | 16 (84%) | |
CAD n (%) | - | 6 (31%) | |
CHF n (%) | - | 4 (21%) | |
adipositas stage ≥1 (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | - | 12 (63%) | |
number of antihypertensive medications | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | >0.99 |
office BP | |||
systolic diastolic | - - | 160.2 ± 23.6 81.3 ± 14.9 | |
24-H ABP | |||
systolic diastolic | - - | 143.1 ± 17.2 76.6 ± 9.9 |
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Lipphardt, M.; Dihazi, H.; Maas, J.-H.; Schäfer, A.-K.; Amlaz, S.I.; Ratliff, B.B.; Koziolek, M.J.; Wallbach, M. Syndecan-4 as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Resistant Hypertension. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093051
Lipphardt M, Dihazi H, Maas J-H, Schäfer A-K, Amlaz SI, Ratliff BB, Koziolek MJ, Wallbach M. Syndecan-4 as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Resistant Hypertension. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093051
Chicago/Turabian StyleLipphardt, Mark, Hassan Dihazi, Jens-Holger Maas, Ann-Kathrin Schäfer, Saskia I. Amlaz, Brian B. Ratliff, Michael J. Koziolek, and Manuel Wallbach. 2020. "Syndecan-4 as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Resistant Hypertension" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093051