Blood Pressure and Body Weight Have Different Effects on Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiac Mass in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Clinical Parameters
2.2. Echocardiography
2.3. Measurement of Arterial Stiffness
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | NW (n = 71; 20.7%) | OW (n = 116; 33.8%) | OB (n = 156; 45.5%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 11.5 (3.3) | 12.3 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.8) # | 0.003 |
Gender (males), n (%) | 41 (57.7) | 71 (61.2) | 86 (55.1) | 0.60 |
Systolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 107.2 (18.6) | 113.0 (13.3) | 114.4 (14.1) * | 0.003 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 62.2 (12.6) | 64.6 (8.8) | 68.2 (8.7) *# | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (z-score), mean (SD) | 0.19 (1.20) | 0.57 (0.98) | 0.83 (1.06) * | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP (z-score), mean (SD) | 0.01 (0.91) | 0.17 (0.74) | 0.54 (0.75) *# | <0.001 |
BP category, n (%) | 0.042 | |||
normotensive | 61 (85.9) | 88 (75.9) | 104 (66.7) | |
high normal | 3 (4.2) | 11 (9.5) | 19 (12.2) | |
hypertensive | 7 (9.9) | 17 (14.7) | 33 (21.2) | |
cf-PWV (m/s), mean (SD) | 4.7 (1.1) | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.8 (0.8) | 0.48 |
cr-PWV (m/s), mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.4) | 6.0 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.14 |
LVMI (g/m2.7), mean (SD) | 31.8 (7.3) | 34.8 (8.7) * | 36.1 (8.2) * | 0.003 |
LVH, n (%) | 8 (12.9) | 20 (19.4) | 45 (30.0) * | 0.015 |
Parameter | NT (n = 253; 73.8%) | HN (n = 33; 9.6%) | HT (n = 57; 16.6%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 11.1 (2.8) | 12.2 (2.9) | 13.4 (2.4) * | <0.001 |
Gender (males), n (%) | 146 (57.7) | 20 (60.6) | 32 (56.1) | 0.92 |
Waist (cm), mean (SD) | 75.9 (12.9) | 84.2 (12.6) * | 86.5 (12.2) * | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.5 (4.7) | 26.7 (4.6) * | 27.5 (4.8) * | <0.001 |
BMI (z-score), mean (SD) | 1.36 (1.03) | 1.77 (0.75) * | 1.69 (0.67) * | 0.010 |
WtHr (%), mean (SD) | 51.8 (6.9) | 55.7 (7.4) * | 54.0 (7.7) | 0.004 |
WtHr > 50%, n (%) | 160 (63.7) | 24 (75.0) | 39 (70.9) | 0.31 |
Weight class, n (%) | 0.042 | |||
normal weight | 61 (24.1) | 3 (9.1) | 7 (12.3) | |
overweight | 88 (34.8) | 11 (33.3) | 17 (29.8) | |
obese | 104 (41.1) | 19 (57.6) | 33 (57.9) | |
cf-PWV (m/s), mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.0) | 5.1 (0.8) * | 5.2 (0.8) * | <0.001 |
cr-PWV (m/s), mean (SD) | 5.7 (1.3) | 6.3 (1.1) * | 6.1 (1.2) | 0.013 |
LVMI (g/m2.7), mean (SD) | 34.6 (8.3) | 34.6 (7.7) | 35.6 (8.9) | 0.73 |
LVH, n (%) | 49 (21.4) | 7 (21.9) | 17 (31.5) | 0.28 |
Variable | Model A | Model B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | (95% CI) | p | b | (95% CI) | p | |
Intercept | −0.097 | (−0.305; 0.111) | 0.36 | −0.075 | (−0.281; 0.132) | 0.48 |
Age (years) | 0.295 | (0.180; 0.411) | <0.001 | 0.347 | (0.241; 0.454) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (z-score) | 0.191 | (0.089; 0.293) | <0.001 | - | ||
Diastolic BP (z-score) | - | 0.248 | (0.120; 0.376) | <0.001 | ||
Heart rate (beats/min) | 0.205 | (0.096; 0.314) | <0.001 | 0.214 | (0.106; 0.321) | <0.001 |
Gender (males) | −0.050 | (−0.255; 0.156) | 0.63 | −0.023 | (−0.229; 0.182) | 0.82 |
BMI (z-score) | 0.007 | (−0.100; 0.113) | 0.90 | 0.009 | (−0.097; 0.114) | 0.87 |
Variable | Model A | Model B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | (95% CI) | p | b | (95% CI) | p | |
Intercept | 0.170 | (−0.052; 0.393) | 0.13 | 0.168 | (−0.052; 0.387) | 0.13 |
Age (years) | 0.279 | (0.151; 0.407) | <0.001 | 0.272 | (0.156; 0.388) | <0.001 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 0.227 | (0.105; 0.350) | <0.001 | 0.211 | (0.093; 0.330) | 0.001 |
Gender (males) | −0.257 | (−0.482; −0.031) | 0.026 | −0.225 | (−0.449; 0.000) | 0.05 |
Diastolic BP (z-score) | - | 0.198 | (0.062; 0.334) | 0.004 | ||
Systolic BP (z-score) | 0.052 | (−0.059; 0.164) | 0.35 | - | ||
BMI (z-score) | −0.035 | (−0.059; 0.164) | 0.55 | −0.066 | (−0.177; 0.044) | 0.24 |
Variable | Model A | Model B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | (95% CI) | p | b | (95% CI) | p | |
Intercept | 28.199 | (23.941; 32.457) | <0.001 | 28.228 | (24.174; 32.283) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 0.180 | (−0.169; 0.528) | 0.31 | 0.176 | (−0.147; 0.499) | 0.28 |
Gender (males) | 2.059 | (0.252; 3.867) | 0.026 | 2.069 | (0.255; 3.883) | 0.025 |
BMI (z-score) | 2.303 | (1.340; 3.266) | <0.001 | 2.289 | (1.334; 3.244) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP (z-score) | −0.001 | (−0.941; 0.938) | 0.99 | - | ||
Diastolic BP (z-score) | - | 0.058 | (−1.183; 1.298) | 0.93 |
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Genovesi, S.; Salvi, P.; Nava, E.; Tassistro, E.; Giussani, M.; Desimone, I.; Orlando, A.; Battaglino, M.; Lieti, G.; Montemerlo, M.; et al. Blood Pressure and Body Weight Have Different Effects on Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiac Mass in Children. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092954
Genovesi S, Salvi P, Nava E, Tassistro E, Giussani M, Desimone I, Orlando A, Battaglino M, Lieti G, Montemerlo M, et al. Blood Pressure and Body Weight Have Different Effects on Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiac Mass in Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092954
Chicago/Turabian StyleGenovesi, Simonetta, Paolo Salvi, Elisa Nava, Elena Tassistro, Marco Giussani, Ilaria Desimone, Antonina Orlando, Mariagrazia Battaglino, Giulia Lieti, Massimo Montemerlo, and et al. 2020. "Blood Pressure and Body Weight Have Different Effects on Pulse Wave Velocity and Cardiac Mass in Children" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2954. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092954