Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccination Among Reproductive-Age Women (18–49 Years Old) in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Coverage of Influenza Vaccines
2.2.2. Attitude Toward the Influenza Vaccines
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Coverage of Influenza Vaccines
3.3. Influencing Factors of Influenza Vaccine Coverage
3.4. Attitude Toward Influenza Vaccines
3.5. Influencing Factors of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Number (%) | Coverage of Influenza Vaccination | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Total | 1742 (100.00) | 685 (39.32) | 37.05–41.63 | |
Age (years) | 0.130 | |||
<35 | 1419 (81.46) | 570 (40.17) | 37.64–42.74 | |
≥35 | 323 (18.54) | 115 (35.60) | 30.53–40.94 | |
Location | 0.059 | |||
Urban | 1061 (60.91) | 436 (41.09) | 38.16–44.07 | |
Rural | 681 (39.09) | 249 (36.56) | 33.01–40.23 | |
Education | 0.216 | |||
High school and below | 296 (16.99) | 103 (34.80) | 29.54–40.35 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 1322 (75.89) | 532 (40.24) | 37.62–42.90 | |
Master’s degree | 124 (7.12) | 50 (40.32) | 31.99–49.10 | |
Marital status | 0.002 * | |||
Unmarried, divorced, or widowed | 470 (26.98) | 157 (33.40) | 29.25–37.76 | |
Married | 1272 (73.02) | 528 (41.51) | 38.82–44.23 | |
Housing status | <0.001 * | |||
Owner-occupied | 1415 (81.23) | 589 (41.63) | 39.08–44.21 | |
Rental | 327 (18.77) | 96 (29.36) | 24.62–34.46 | |
Income level | 0.040 * | |||
Lower | 124 (7.12) | 38 (30.65) | 23.05–39.13 | |
Higher | 1618 (92.88) | 647 (39.99) | 37.62–42.39 | |
Family member | 0.065 | |||
1 | 118 (6.77) | 36 (30.51) | 22.75–39.21 | |
2–3 | 919 (52.76) | 356 (38.74) | 35.63–41.92 | |
4 | 705 (40.47) | 293 (41.56) | 37.96–45.23 | |
Have children | <0.001 * | |||
No | 582 (33.41) | 196 (33.68) | 29.93–37.59 | |
Yes | 1160 (66.59) | 489 (42.16) | 39.34–45.01 | |
Subjective health status | 0.003 * | |||
Bad | 69 (3.96) | 16 (23.19) | 14.46–34.11 | |
Normal | 587 (33.70) | 216 (36.80) | 32.97–40.76 | |
Great | 1086 (62.34) | 453 (41.71) | 38.81–44.66 | |
Chronic disease | <0.001 * | |||
No | 1334 (76.58) | 493 (36.96) | 34.40–39.57 | |
Yes | 408 (23.42) | 192 (47.06) | 42.25–51.91 | |
Anxiety | 0.379 | |||
No | 1294 (74.28) | 501 (38.72) | 36.09–41.39 | |
Yes | 448 (25.72) | 184 (41.07) | 36.59–45.67 | |
Depression | 0.347 | |||
No | 1195 (68.60) | 461 (38.58) | 35.85–41.36 | |
Yes | 547 (31.40) | 224 (40.95) | 36.89–45.11 | |
History of COVID-19 infection | 0.398 | |||
No | 148 (8.50) | 63 (42.57) | 34.81–50.61 | |
Yes | 1594 (91.50) | 622 (39.02) | 36.65–41.43 | |
History of COVID-19 vaccination | 0.003 * | |||
Not fully vaccinated | 223 (12.80) | 66 (29.60) | 23.90–35.82 | |
Fully vaccinated | 812 (46.61) | 342 (42.12) | 38.76–45.54 | |
At least one booster dose | 707 (40.59) | 277 (39.18) | 35.63–42.82 | |
Hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine | <0.001 * | |||
No | 1472 (84.50) | 623 (42.32) | 39.82–44.86 | |
Yes | 270 (15.50) | 62 (22.96) | 18.25–28.25 | |
Pandemic fatigue of COVID-19 | 0.011 * | |||
Low | 772 (44.32) | 317 (41.06) | 37.63–44.56 | |
Moderate | 759 (43.57) | 271 (35.70) | 32.36–39.16 | |
High | 211 (12.11) | 97 (45.97) | 39.34–52.71 | |
Perceived susceptibility of influenza | 0.629 | |||
Low | 354 (20.32) | 132 (37.29) | 32.37–42.41 | |
Moderate | 837 (48.05) | 337 (40.26) | 36.98–43.61 | |
High | 551 (31.63) | 216 (39.20) | 35.19–43.33 | |
Perceived severity of influenza | 0.003 * | |||
Low | 524 (30.08) | 204 (38.93) | 34.83–43.16 | |
Moderate | 846 (48.56) | 307 (36.29) | 33.10–39.57 | |
High | 372 (21.35) | 174 (46.77) | 41.75–51.85 |
Variables | aOR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Ref.: <35 years) | |||
≥35 years | 0.72 | 0.56–0.94 | 0.015 * |
Housing status (ref.: owner-occupied) | |||
Rental | 0.57 | 0.44–0.75 | <0.001 * |
Subjective health status (ref.: bad) | |||
Normal | 1.11 | 0.78–1.57 | 0.579 |
Great | 1.36 | 0.99–1.85 | 0.055 |
Chronic disease (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | 1.57 | 1.23–2.01 | <0.001 * |
History of COVID-19 infection (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | 0.65 | 0.47–0.89 | 0.006 * |
Hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | 0.39 | 0.29–0.54 | <0.001 * |
Pandemic fatigue from COVID-19 (ref.: low) | |||
Moderate | 0.88 | 0.71–1.09 | 0.243 |
High | 1.45 | 1.05–2.00 | 0.025 * |
Perceived severity of influenza (ref.: low) | |||
Moderate | 0.84 | 0.67–1.05 | 0.128 |
High | 1.16 | 0.88–1.53 | 0.286 |
Characteristics | Number (%) | Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccine | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Total | 1057 (100.00) | 336 (31.79) | 29.03–34.64 | |
Age (years) | <0.001 * | |||
<35 | 849 (80.32) | 247 (29.09) | 26.11–32.22 | |
≥35 | 208 (19.68) | 89 (42.79) | 36.20–49.57 | |
Location | 0.009 * | |||
Urban | 625 (59.13) | 218 (34.88) | 31.22–38.68 | |
Rural | 432 (40.87) | 118 (27.31) | 23.27–31.66 | |
Education | 0.133 | |||
High school and below | 193 (18.26) | 63 (32.64) | 26.32–39.48 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 790 (74.74) | 242 (30.63) | 27.49–33.91 | |
Master’s degree | 74 (7.00) | 31 (41.89) | 31.14–53.27 | |
Marital status | 0.347 | |||
Unmarried, divorced, or widowed | 313 (29.61) | 106 (33.87) | 28.79–39.24 | |
Married | 744 (70.39) | 230 (30.91) | 27.67–34.30 | |
Housing status | 0.294 | |||
Owner-occupied | 826 (78.15) | 256 (30.99) | 27.91–34.21 | |
Rental | 231 (21.85) | 80 (34.63) | 28.72–40.93 | |
Income level | 0.688 | |||
Lower | 86 (8.14) | 29 (33.72) | 24.4–44.12 | |
Higher | 971 (91.86) | 307 (31.62) | 28.75–34.59 | |
Family member | 0.003 * | |||
1 | 82 (7.76) | 32 (39.02) | 29.00–49.81 | |
2–3 | 563 (53.26) | 198 (35.17) | 31.31–39.18 | |
4 | 412 (38.98) | 106 (25.73) | 21.69–30.11 | |
Have children | 0.467 | |||
No | 386 (36.52) | 128 (33.16) | 28.60–37.97 | |
Yes | 671 (63.48) | 208 (31.00) | 27.59–34.57 | |
Subjective health status | 0.150 | |||
Bad | 53 (5.01) | 21 (39.62) | 27.29–53.05 | |
Normal | 371 (35.10) | 127 (34.23) | 29.54–39.17 | |
Great | 633 (59.89) | 188 (29.70) | 26.24–33.35 | |
Chronic disease | 0.209 | |||
No | 841 (79.56) | 275 (32.70) | 29.59–35.92 | |
Yes | 216 (20.44) | 61 (28.24) | 22.56–34.50 | |
Anxiety | 0.354 | |||
No | 793 (75.02) | 246 (31.02) | 27.88–34.31 | |
Yes | 264 (24.98) | 90 (34.09) | 28.57–39.96 | |
Depression | 0.139 | |||
No | 734 (69.44) | 223 (30.38) | 27.14–33.78 | |
Yes | 323 (30.56) | 113 (34.98) | 29.94–40.30 | |
History of COVID-19 infection | 0.146 | |||
No | 85 (8.04) | 33 (38.82) | 28.98–49.42 | |
Yes | 972 (91.96) | 303 (31.17) | 28.32–34.14 | |
History of COVID-19 vaccination | 0.177 | |||
Not fully vaccinated | 157 (14.85) | 52 (33.12) | 26.12–40.74 | |
Fully vaccinated | 470 (44.47) | 161 (34.26) | 30.07–38.63 | |
At least one booster dose | 430 (40.68) | 123 (28.60) | 24.49–33.01 | |
Hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine | <0.001 * | |||
No | 849 (80.32) | 197 (23.20) | 20.46–26.13 | |
Yes | 208 (19.68) | 139 (66.83) | 60.23–72.96 | |
Pandemic fatigue of COVID-19 | <0.001 * | |||
Low | 455 (43.05) | 92 (20.22) | 16.72–24.09 | |
Moderate | 488 (46.17) | 191 (39.14) | 34.88–43.52 | |
High | 114 (10.79) | 53 (46.49) | 37.52–55.64 | |
Perceived susceptibility of influenza | <0.001 * | |||
Low | 222 (21.00) | 93 (41.89) | 35.54–48.45 | |
Moderate | 500 (47.30) | 155 (31.00) | 27.06–35.15 | |
High | 335 (31.69) | 88 (26.27) | 21.77–31.17 | |
Perceived severity of influenza | <0.001 * | |||
Low | 320 (30.27) | 132 (41.25) | 35.95–46.70 | |
Moderate | 539 (50.99) | 163 (30.24) | 26.48–34.22 | |
High | 198 (18.73) | 41 (20.71) | 15.51–26.75 |
Variables | aOR | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (ref.: <35 years) | |||
≥35 years | 1.70 | 1.18–2.45 | 0.004 * |
Location (ref.: urban) | |||
Rural | 0.71 | 0.52–0.97 | 0.031 * |
Family member (ref.: 1) | |||
2–3 | 1.78 | 1.03–3.10 | 0.040 * |
4 | 1.44 | 1.05–1.97 | 0.023 * |
Subjective health status (ref.: bad) | |||
Normal | 0.36 | 0.22–0.61 | <0.001 * |
Great | 0.25 | 0.16–0.40 | <0.001 * |
Chronic disease (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | 0.61 | 0.41–0.91 | 0.014 * |
History of COVID-19 vaccination (ref.: not fully vaccinated) | |||
Fully vaccinated | 1.59 | 1.04–2.42 | 0.033 * |
At least one booster dose | 1.14 | 0.74–1.76 | 0.549 |
Hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine (ref.: no) | |||
Yes | 5.94 | 4.11–8.58 | <0.001 * |
Pandemic fatigue of COVID-19 (ref.: low) | |||
Moderate | 2.14 | 1.55–2.96 | <0.001 * |
High | 2.23 | 1.36–3.66 | 0.002 * |
Perceived susceptibility of influenza (ref.: low) | |||
Moderate | 0.57 | 0.39–0.83 | 0.004 * |
High | 0.46 | 0.30–0.72 | <0.001 * |
Perceived severity of influenza (ref.: low) | |||
Moderate | 0.67 | 0.48–0.95 | 0.023 * |
High | 0.44 | 0.27–0.73 | 0.001 * |
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Deng, J.; Qin, C.; Liu, M.; Liu, J. Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccination Among Reproductive-Age Women (18–49 Years Old) in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2025, 13, 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070752
Deng J, Qin C, Liu M, Liu J. Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccination Among Reproductive-Age Women (18–49 Years Old) in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2025; 13(7):752. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070752
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Jie, Chenyuan Qin, Min Liu, and Jue Liu. 2025. "Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccination Among Reproductive-Age Women (18–49 Years Old) in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 13, no. 7: 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070752
APA StyleDeng, J., Qin, C., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2025). Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy of Influenza Vaccination Among Reproductive-Age Women (18–49 Years Old) in China: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 13(7), 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070752