Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Age-Related Macular Degeneration
2.1. Dietary Antioxidants
2.1.1. Zinc
2.1.2. Resveratrol
2.1.3. Carotenoids—Lutein and Zeaxanthin
2.1.4. Vitamin E
2.1.5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
3. Glaucoma
3.1. Dietary Antioxidants
3.1.1. Resveratrol
3.1.2. Coenzyme Q10
3.1.3. Vitamin E
3.1.4. Alpha-Lipoic Acid
3.1.5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
3.1.6. Hesperidin
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | Newsome et al. | 1988 | 151 patients with AMD or drusen only | Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial | Oral supplementation with Zinc sulfate (100 mg) twice a day | Less visual loss then the placebo group after follow up of 12 to 24 months | [46] |
Zinc | Chew et al. | 2013 | 3549 patients with varying severity of AMD | Multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial, followed up by an epidemiological follow up study | Supplementation with antioxidants C, E and β-carotene and/or zinc | Supplementation of zinc only decreased the risk of AMD progression. Supplementation of zinc and other antioxidants significantly reduced the decrease in BCVA | [47] |
Resveratrol | Richer et al. | 2014 | 3 patients with AMD | Case reports | 1 capsule of Longevinex® (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day | Bilateral improvements in the retina and choroid structure and function | [60] |
Resveratrol | Richer et al. | 2013 | 3 patients with AMD | Case reports | 1 capsule of Longevinex® (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day | Restoration of retinal structure, improvement in choroidal blood flow and improvement of RPE function | [61] |
Resveratrol | Diyana et al. | 2017 | 3 patients with AMD | Case reports | 1 capsule Longevinex® (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day | Improvement in both BCVA and retinal thickness | [62] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | SanGiovanni et al. | 2007 | 4203 participants at risk for developing late AMD | Randomized, controlled clinical trial | Supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and lutein/zeaxanthin | Risk reduction for developing late AMD | [78] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Korobelnik et al. | 2017 | 120 patients without any form of AMD | Randomized clinical trial | Supplementation containing lutein, zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acids | No beneficial effect on MOPD | [85] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Murray et al. | 2013 | 72 patients with early AMD | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Daily supplementation with lutein capsules | Lutein supplementation increased MPOD levels in early stage AMD patients | [86] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Richer et al. | 2004 | 90 patients with atrophic AMD | Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Daily supplementation with lutein alone or lutein and other antioxidants | Visual function was improved with lutein alone or lutein together with other nutrientsantioxidants | [87] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Ma et al. | 2012 | 108 patients with early AMD | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxantin | In patients with early AMD, supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin improved macular pigment density | [88] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Huang et al. | 2015 | 112 patients with early AMD | Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxantin | Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin increased MPOD | [89] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Akuffo et al. | 2015 | 67 patients with early AMD | Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Supplementation with lutein and zeaxantin | Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin increased MPOD | [90] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Dawczynski et al. | 2013 | 172 patients with non-exudative AMD | Double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin and omega-3-fatty acids | Supplementation caused an increase of MPOD, an improvement and stabilization in BCVA in AMD patients | [91] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin | Fujimura et al. | 2016 | 20 patients with nAMD or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy | Clinical trial | Supplement with Lutein, zeaxantin and DHA | Increase in foveal MPOD | [92] |
Vitamins | Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group | 2001 | 3640 patients with different stages of AMD | Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial | Supplementation with high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene and zinc | It reduced the risk of developing AMD and advanced AMD | [103] |
Vitamin E | Taylor et al. | 2002 | 1193 healthy participants | Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial | Vitamin E 500 IU daily | Daily supplement with vitamin E did not prevent the development or progression of early or later stages of AMD | [105] |
omega-3 fatty acids | Chew et al. | 2014 | 4203 patients at risk for progression to advanced AMD | Multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Daily lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA supplementation | Addition of lutein and zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce risk of progression to advanced AMD | [79] |
omega-3 fatty acids | Arnold et al. | 2013 | 172 patients with dry AMD | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Daily lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA supplementation | Improvement of plasma antioxidant capacity, circulating macular xanthophyll levels and the MPOD | [117] |
omega-3 fatty acids | Souied et al. | 2013 | 263 patients with early lesions of AMD | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, comparative study | Daily supplementation with DHA and EPA | No beneficial effect on nAMD incidence | [120] |
omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D | Christen et al. | 2020 | 25871 participants | Randomized clinical trial | Daily supplementation of vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids | Neither vitamin D3 nor omega-3 fatty acids supplementation had a significant effect on AMD incidence or progression | [121] |
Antioxidant | Authors | Year of Publication | Population | Study Type | Intervention | Main Outcome(s) | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coenzyme Q10 | Parisi et al. | 2014 | 43 patients with open angle glaucoma | Clinical trial | Topical administration of CoQ10 and vitamin E | Beneficial effect on the inner retinal function and optic nerve electrophysiological parameters | [146] |
Coenzyme Q10 | Ozates et al. | 2019 | 64 pseudophacic patients (also with pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma) | Prospective, randomized clinical trial | Topical administration of CoQ10 and vitamin E | Lower level of superoxide dismutase in the aqueous humor of treated patients | [147] |
Alpha-lipoic acid | Sanz-González et al. | 2020 | 30 participants with and without open angle glaucoma | Prospective clinical trial | Supplementation with formulations containing antioxidant vitamins, alpha-lipoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid | Significant increase in the plasma antioxidant status | [158] |
Omega-3 fatty acids | Garcia-Medina et al. | 2015 | 117 patients with mild or moderate primary open angle glaucoma | Open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial | Oral antioxidant supplementation with and without omega-3-fatty acids | No beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the treatment of mild/moderate primary open angle glaucoma | [159] |
Docosahexaenoic acid | Romeo-Villadóniga et al. | 2018 | 47 patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma | Prospective, randomized, open-label study | Supplement rich in docosahexaenoic acid | IOP reduction and improvement of oxidative stress parameters | [160] |
Hesperidin | Himori et al. | 2021 | 30 patients with normal tension glaucoma | Prospective study | Daily oral supplementation of hesperidin, croce-tin, and Tamarindus indica | antioxidant supplementation was effective in lowering oxidative stress level in patients with high oxidative stress level | [165] |
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Dziedziak, J.; Kasarełło, K.; Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, A. Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111743
Dziedziak J, Kasarełło K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(11):1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111743
Chicago/Turabian StyleDziedziak, Jacek, Kaja Kasarełło, and Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska. 2021. "Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma" Antioxidants 10, no. 11: 1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111743
APA StyleDziedziak, J., Kasarełło, K., & Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska, A. (2021). Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1743. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111743