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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 14
10.3390/app15147808
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Harnessing Carrot Discard as a Novel Feedstock for 2,3-Butanediol Bioproduction: A Comparison of Fermentation Strategies and Bacillus Performance

by
Juan Carlos López-Linares
1,2,*,
Alba Mei González-Galán
1,2,
Mónica Coca
1,2,
Susana Lucas
1,2 and
María Teresa García-Cubero
1,2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
2
Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7808; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147808
Submission received: 18 June 2025 / Revised: 9 July 2025 / Accepted: 10 July 2025 / Published: 11 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates the valorization of carrot discard, a carbohydrate-rich agricultural residue, for the production of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO). The fermentation process was evaluated using two strains, Bacillus licheniformis DSM 8785 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7. Two process configurations were compared: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Additionally, to determine substrate and product inhibition thresholds, fermentation assays were conducted in semi-defined media with glucose concentrations ranging from 20 to 120 g/L. The SHF strategy proved more effective than the SSF configuration. Under the SHF configuration, B. amyloliquefaciens demonstrated superior performance, yielding 16.7 g/L of 2,3-BDO. In contrast, B. licheniformis was notable for its high capacity for acetoin synthesis, producing 24.2 g/L of acetoin in addition to 10.9 g/L of 2,3-BDO. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that carrot discard is a viable feedstock for the co-production of 2,3-BDO and acetoin.
Keywords: carrot discard; separate hydrolysis and fermentation; simultaneous saccharification and fermentation; semi-defined media; 2,3-butanediol; Bacillus licheniformis DSM 8785; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7 carrot discard; separate hydrolysis and fermentation; simultaneous saccharification and fermentation; semi-defined media; 2,3-butanediol; Bacillus licheniformis DSM 8785; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 7

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MDPI and ACS Style

López-Linares, J.C.; González-Galán, A.M.; Coca, M.; Lucas, S.; García-Cubero, M.T. Harnessing Carrot Discard as a Novel Feedstock for 2,3-Butanediol Bioproduction: A Comparison of Fermentation Strategies and Bacillus Performance. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147808

AMA Style

López-Linares JC, González-Galán AM, Coca M, Lucas S, García-Cubero MT. Harnessing Carrot Discard as a Novel Feedstock for 2,3-Butanediol Bioproduction: A Comparison of Fermentation Strategies and Bacillus Performance. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(14):7808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147808

Chicago/Turabian Style

López-Linares, Juan Carlos, Alba Mei González-Galán, Mónica Coca, Susana Lucas, and María Teresa García-Cubero. 2025. "Harnessing Carrot Discard as a Novel Feedstock for 2,3-Butanediol Bioproduction: A Comparison of Fermentation Strategies and Bacillus Performance" Applied Sciences 15, no. 14: 7808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147808

APA Style

López-Linares, J. C., González-Galán, A. M., Coca, M., Lucas, S., & García-Cubero, M. T. (2025). Harnessing Carrot Discard as a Novel Feedstock for 2,3-Butanediol Bioproduction: A Comparison of Fermentation Strategies and Bacillus Performance. Applied Sciences, 15(14), 7808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147808

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