Heart Rate Dynamics and Quantifying Physical Fatigue in Canadian Football
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. HR Response to Running Efforts
3.2. HR Response to Running Series
3.3. Cardiovascular Cost
4. Discussion
4.1. Position—Linemen vs. Skilled Players
4.2. Peak HRR (HRRpk) Changes within a Session
4.3. Fatigue
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body mass index |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
HR | Heart rate |
HRmax | Maximum heart rate |
HRRPk | Peak heart rate recovery |
CVC | Cardiovascular cost |
HRV | Heart rate variability |
References
- Feairheller, D.L.; Aichele, K.R.; Oakman, J.E.; Neal, M.P.; Cromwell, C.M.; Lenzo, J.M.; Perez, A.N.; Bye, N.L.; Santaniello, E.L.; Hill, J.A.; et al. Vascular health in American football players: Cardiovascular risk increased in division III players. Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2016, 2016, 6851256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carbuhn, A.F.; Womack, J.W.; Green, J.S.; Morgan, K.; Miller, G.S.; Crouse, S.F. Performance and blood pressure characteristics of first-year national collegiate athletic association division I football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008, 22, 1347–1354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shields JR, C.L.; Whitney, F.E.; Zomar, V.D. Exercise performance of professional football players. Am. J. Sport Med. 1984, 12, 455–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaiser, G.E.; Womack, J.W.; Green, J.S.; Pollard, B.; Miller, G.S.; Crouse, S.F. Morphological profiles for first-year National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008, 22, 243–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchheit, M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: Do all roads lead to Rome? Front. Physiol. 2014, 5, 71297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flatt, A.A.; Esco, M.R.; Allen, J.R.; Robinson, J.B.; Earley, R.L.; Fedewa, M.V.; Bragg, A.; Keith, C.M.; Wingo, J.E. Heart rate variability and training load among national collegiate athletic association division 1 college football players throughout spring camp. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 3127–3134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Millet, G.P.; Burtscher, J.; Bourdillon, N.; Manferdelli, G.; Burtscher, M.; Sandbakk, Ø. The VO2 max Legacy of Hill and Lupton (1923)—100 Years On. Int. J. Sport Physiol. Perform. 2023, 18, 1362–1365. [Google Scholar]
- Archiza, B.; Andaku, D.K.; Beltrame, T.; Libardi, C.A.; Borghi-Silva, A. The relationship between repeated-sprint ability, aerobic capacity, and oxygen uptake recovery kinetics in female soccer athletes. J. Hum. Kinet. 2020, 75, 115–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagar, A.; Melo, L.; Hills, G.; Kenshur, N.; Dickinson, S. A new aerobic fitness score based on lactate sensing during submaximal exercise. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2020, 45, 784–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Watson, A.M.; Brickson, S.L.; Prawda, E.R.; Sanfilippo, J.L. Short-term heart rate recovery is related to aerobic fitness in elite intermittent sport athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 1055–1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Achten, J.; Jeukendrup, A.E. Heart rate monitoring: Applications and limitations. Sport Med. 2003, 33, 517–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coutts, A.J.; Slattery, K.M.; Wallace, L.K. Practical tests for monitoring performance, fatigue and recovery in triathletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2007, 10, 372–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cummins, C.; Orr, R.; O’Connor, H.; West, C. Global positioning systems (GPS) and microtechnology sensors in team sports: A systematic review. Sport Med. 2013, 43, 1025–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- DeMartini, J.K.; Martschinske, J.L.; Casa, D.J.; Lopez, R.M.; Ganio, M.S.; Walz, S.M.; Coris, E.E. Physical demands of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players during preseason training in the heat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011, 25, 2935–2943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lach, J.; Wiecha, S.; Śliż, D.; Price, S.; Zaborski, M.; Cieśliński, I.; Postuła, M.; Knechtle, B.; Mamcarz, A. HR max prediction based on age, body composition, fitness level, testing modality and sex in physically active population. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 695950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seo, M.W.; Lee, J.M.; Jung, H.C.; Jung, S.W.; Song, J.K. Effects of various work-to-rest ratios during high-intensity interval training on athletic performance in adolescents. Int. J. Sport Med. 2019, 40, 503–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Renaghan, E.; Wittels, H.L.; Wittels, S.H.; Wishon, M.J.; Hecocks, D.; Wittels, E.D.; Hendricks, S.; Girardi, J.; Lee, S.J.; McDonald, S.M.; et al. Internal or External Training Load Metrics: Which Is Best for Tracking Autonomic Nervous System Recovery and Function in Collegiate American Football? J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 9, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Flatt, A.A.; Allen, J.R.; Keith, C.M.; Martinez, M.W.; Esco, M.R. Season-long heart-rate variability tracking reveals autonomic imbalance in American college football players. Int. J. Sport Physiol. Perform. 2021, 16, 1834–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexandre, D.; Da Silva, C.D.; Hill-Haas, S.; Wong, d.P.; Natali, A.J.; De Lima, J.R.; Bara Filho, M.G.; Marins, J.J.; Garcia, E.S.; Karim, C.; et al. Heart rate monitoring in soccer: Interest and limits during competitive match play and training, practical application. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, 2890–2906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owen, A.L.; Wong, D.P.; McKenna, M.; Dellal, A. Heart rate responses and technical comparison between small-vs. large-sided games in elite professional soccer. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011, 25, 2104–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suarez-Arrones, L.J.; Nuñez, F.J.; Portillo, J.; Mendez-Villanueva, A. Running demands and heart rate responses in men rugby sevens. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, 3155–3159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zafar, A.; Guay, S.; Vinet, S.A.; Apinis-Deshaies, A.; Creniault, R.; Martens, G.; Prince, F.; De Beaumont, L. Characterization of Running Intensity in Canadian Football Based on Tactical Position. Sensors 2024, 24, 2644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harry, K.; Booysen, M.J. Faster heart rate recovery correlates with high-intensity match activity in female field hockey players—Training implications. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2020, 34, 1150–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kraemer, W.; Gotshalk, L. Physiology of American football. In Exercise and Sport Science; Garrett, W.E., Kirkendall, D.T., Eds.; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2000; pp. 795–813. [Google Scholar]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2016; Available online: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed on 1 December 2023).
- Sullivan, G.M.; Feinn, R. Using effect size—or why the P value is not enough. J. Grad. Med. Educ. 2012, 4, 279–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graziano, F.; Juhasz, V.; Brunetti, G.; Cipriani, A.; Szabo, L.; Merkely, B.; Corrado, D.; D’Ascenzi, F.; Vago, H.; Zorzi, A. May strenuous endurance sports activity damage the cardiovascular system of healthy athletes? A narrative review. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2022, 9, 347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Isath, A.; Koziol, K.J.; Martinez, M.W.; Garber, C.E.; Martinez, M.N.; Emery, M.S.; Baggish, A.L.; Naidu, S.S.; Lavie, C.J.; Arena, R.; et al. Exercise and cardiovascular health: A state-of-the-art review. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2023, 79, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Runacres, A.; Mackintosh, K.A.; McNarry, M.A. Health consequences of an elite sporting career: Long-term detriment or long-term gain? A meta-analysis of 165,000 former athletes. Sport Med. 2021, 51, 289–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McHugh, C.; Hind, K.; Cunningham, J.; Davey, D.; Wilson, F. A career in sport does not eliminate risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cardiovascular health of field-based athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 792–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Phelps, A.; Alosco, M.L.; Baucom, Z.; Hartlage, K.; Palmisano, J.N.; Weuve, J.; Mez, J.; Tripodis, Y.; Stern, R.A. Association of playing college American football with long-term health outcomes and mortality. JAMA Netw. Open 2022, 5, e228775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchheit, M.; Simpson, B.M.; Lacome, M. Monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness in professional soccer players: Is it worth the prick? Int. J. Sport Physiol. Perform. 2020, 15, 1437–1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altmann, S.; Neumann, R.; Härtel, S.; Woll, A.; Buchheit, M. Using submaximal exercise heart rate for monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness changes in professional soccer players: A replication study. Int. J. Sport Physiol. Perform. 2021, 16, 1096–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mazzoleni, M.J.; Battaglini, C.L.; Martin, K.J.; Coffman, E.M.; Mann, B.P. Modeling and predicting heart rate dynamics across a broad range of transient exercise intensities during cycling. Sport Eng. 2016, 19, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abrahams, S.; Mc Fie, S.; Patricios, J.; Posthumus, M.; September, A.V. Risk factors for sports concussion: An evidence-based systematic review. Br. J. Sport Med. 2014, 48, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kontos, A.P.; Elbin, R.J.; Collins, M.W. Aerobic fitness and concussion outcomes in high school football. In Foundations of Sport-Related Brain Injuries; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 2006; pp. 315–339. [Google Scholar]
- Bradley, P.S.; Di Mascio, M.; Peart, D.; Olsen, P.; Sheldon, B. High-intensity activity profiles of elite soccer players at different performance levels. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2010, 24, 2343–2351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohr, M.; Mujika, I.; Santisteban, J.; Randers, M.B.; Bischoff, R.; Solano, R.; Hewitt, A.; Zubillaga, A.; Peltola, E.; Krustrup, P. Examination of fatigue development in elite soccer in a hot environment: A multi-experimental approach. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2010, 20, 125–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, P.S.; Noakes, T.D. Match running performance fluctuations in elite soccer: Indicative of fatigue, pacing or situational influences? J. Sport Sci. 2013, 31, 1627–1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Athlete Group | Age (Years) | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | BMI () |
---|---|---|---|---|
Skilled players | 23.1 ± 1.6 | 1.79 ± 0.06 | 85.6 ± 9.5 | 26.5 ± 2.6 |
Linemen | 22.9 ± 1.8 | 1.88 ± 0.04 | 120.4 ± 9.6 | 34.1 ± 3.6 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zafar, A.; Guay, S.; Vinet, S.-A.; Pilon, F.; Martens, G.; Prince, F.; De Beaumont, L. Heart Rate Dynamics and Quantifying Physical Fatigue in Canadian Football. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125340
Zafar A, Guay S, Vinet S-A, Pilon F, Martens G, Prince F, De Beaumont L. Heart Rate Dynamics and Quantifying Physical Fatigue in Canadian Football. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(12):5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125340
Chicago/Turabian StyleZafar, Abdullah, Samuel Guay, Sophie-Andrée Vinet, Francine Pilon, Géraldine Martens, François Prince, and Louis De Beaumont. 2024. "Heart Rate Dynamics and Quantifying Physical Fatigue in Canadian Football" Applied Sciences 14, no. 12: 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125340
APA StyleZafar, A., Guay, S., Vinet, S.-A., Pilon, F., Martens, G., Prince, F., & De Beaumont, L. (2024). Heart Rate Dynamics and Quantifying Physical Fatigue in Canadian Football. Applied Sciences, 14(12), 5340. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125340