Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Romantic Relationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation in Romantic Relationships
1.2. Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Romantic Relationships
1.2.1. Emotion Regulation Variability
1.2.2. Emotion Regulation Flexibility
2. Study 1
3. Materials and Methods of Study 1
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Measures
3.3.1. Adult Attachment
3.3.2. Inter-vs-Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation
3.3.3. Relationship Quality
3.3.4. Personality Types
3.3.5. COVID
3.4. Data Preparation and Analysis
4. Results of Study 1
4.1. Preliminary Analysis of Data
4.2. Main Analysis
4.3. Exploratory Analysis
5. Discussion of Study 1
6. Study 2
7. Materials and Methods of Study 2
7.1. Participants
7.1.1. Baseline
7.1.2. Experience Sampling Method
7.2. Procedure
7.3. Measures
7.3.1. Partner Availability
7.3.2. Stressfulness of the Event
7.3.3. Momentary Inter-vs-Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation
7.4. Data Preparation and Analysis
7.4.1. Main Analyses
7.4.2. Exploratory Analysis
8. Results of Study 2
8.1. Preliminary Analyses
8.2. Emotion Regulation Variability
8.2.1. Inter-vs-Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation: Baseline Cross-Sectional Data
Main Analysis
Exploratory Analysis
8.2.2. Inter-vs-Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation: Experience Sampling Method Data
Main Analysis
Exploratory Analysis
8.2.3. Standard Deviation of Inter-vs-Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation
Main Analysis
Exploratory Analysis
8.3. Emotion Regulation Flexibility
8.3.1. Main Analysis
8.3.2. Exploratory Analysis
9. General Discussion
9.1. Attachment Anxiety and Emotion Regulation Flexibility
9.2. Attachment Avoidance and Emotion Regulation Flexibility
9.3. Implications for Research and Practice
9.4. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
10. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Study 1 | Study 2 Baseline | Study 2 Baseline + ESM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | M (SD) | Range | n | M (SD) | Range | n | M (SD) | Range | ICC | |
Baseline measurements | ||||||||||
Inter-vs-intrapersonal ER | 174 | −0.01 (1.85) | −4 to 4 | 287 | 0.24 (1.90) | −4 to 4 | 124 | 0.31 (2.07) | −4 to 4 | - |
Interpersonal ER | 174 | 3.55 (1.08) | 1 to 5 | 287 | 3.63 (1.08) | 1 to 5 | 124 | 3.68 (1.13) | 1 to 5 | - |
Intrapersonal ER | 174 | 3.56 (1.11) | 1 to 5 | 287 | 3.39 (1.07) | 1 to 5 | 124 | 3.36 (1.13) | 1 to 5 | - |
Attachment anxiety | 174 | 2.53 (0.88) | 1 to 5.06 | 287 | 2.60 (1.06) | 1 to 6.5 | 124 | 2.49 (0.99) | 1 to 5.6 | - |
Attachment avoidance | 174 | 2.40 (0.83) | 1 to 5.39 | 287 | 2.56 (0.80) | 1 to 5 | 124 | 2.55 (0.78) | 1 to 4.6 | - |
Age (years) | 174 | 23.79 (7.63) | 18 to 58 | 287 | 22.13 (5.04) | 18 to 58 | 124 | 22.45 (6.39) | 18 to 58 | - |
Relationship length (months) | 169 | 42.07 (72.74) | 6 to 492 | 286 | 30.66 (30.02) | 3 to 249 | 123 | 33.74 (36.68) | 3 to 249 | - |
Relationship quality | 174 | 5.94 (0.80) | 3.17 to 7 | 282 | 6.10 (0.79) | 2.3 to 7 | 124 | 6.18 (0.68) | 3.1 to 7 | - |
Neuroticism | 174 | 4.15 (1.52) | 1 to 7 | 287 | 4.28 (1.43) | 1 to 7 | 124 | 4.36 (1.45) | 1 to 7 | - |
Extraversion | 174 | 4.30 (1.73) | 1 to 7 | 287 | 4.49 (1.47) | 1 to 7 | 124 | 4.44 (1.51) | 1 to 7 | - |
COVID | 174 | 23.44 (23.67) | 0 to 100 | 287 | 30.02 (24.49) | 0 to 100 | 124 | 31.39 (25.18) | 0 to 92 | - |
Momentary measurements | ||||||||||
Participant-centered values | ||||||||||
Inter-vs-intrapersonal ER | 124 | −2.93 (3.05) | −10 to 5.4 | - | ||||||
Interpersonal ER | 124 | 3.58 (1.93) | 0 to 9 | - | ||||||
Intrapersonal ER | 124 | 6.51 (1.66) | 0.7 to 10 | - | ||||||
Stressfulness of event | 124 | 5.12 (1.56) | 1.6 to 8.4 | - | ||||||
Partner availability | 124 | 0.32 (0.23) | 0 to 0.9 | - | ||||||
Others availability | 124 | 0.42 (0.21) | 0 to 0.9 | - | ||||||
Grand values | ||||||||||
Inter-vs-intrapersonal ER | 2654 | −3.1 (5.62) | −10 to 10 | 0.22 | ||||||
Interpersonal ER | 2663 | 3.5 (3.66) | 0 to 10 | 0.21 | ||||||
Intrapersonal ER | 2654 | 6.61 (2.96) | 0 to 10 | 0.25 | ||||||
Stressfulness of event | 2666 | 5.12 (2.52) | 0 to 10 | 0.35 | ||||||
Partner availability | 2672 | 0.31 (0.46) | 0 to 1 | 0.20 | ||||||
Others availability | 2672 | 0.41 (0.49) | 0 to 1 | 0.14 |
Study 1 Baseline (N = 174) | Study 2 Baseline (N = 287) | Study 2 ESM (N = 124) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | t | p | b | SE | t | p | b | SE | DF | t | p | |
(Intercept) | −0.69 | 0.28 | −2.45 | 0.016 | −0.41 | 0.28 | −1.48 | 0.139 | −5.67 | 0.55 | 2483 | −10.38 | <0.001 |
Attachment anxiety | −0.13 | 0.18 | −0.73 | 0.464 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.885 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 113 | 0.10 | 0.922 |
Attachment avoidance | −0.94 | 0.21 | −4.37 | <0.001 | −1.11 | 0.14 | −7.78 | <0.001 | −0.77 | 0.32 | 113 | −2.45 | 0.016 |
Attachment anxiety × Attachment avoidance | −0.02 | 0.17 | −0.13 | 0.900 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 1.395 | 0.164 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 113 | 2.13 | 0.035 |
Relationship length | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.34 | 0.732 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.869 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 113 | −1.57 | 0.120 |
Female | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.81 | 0.006 | 0.74 | 0.30 | 2.46 | 0.015 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 113 | 0.72 | 0.471 |
Others | −0.86 | 1.02 | −0.85 | 0.399 | |||||||||
Relationship quality | −0.38 | 0.23 | −1.71 | 0.090 | −0.27 | 0.15 | −1.71 | 0.088 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 113 | 0.13 | 0.899 |
Neuroticism | −0.23 | 0.09 | −2.47 | 0.015 | −0.14 | 0.08 | −1.73 | 0.084 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 113 | 1.76 | 0.081 |
Extraversion | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.44 | 0.661 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 2.13 | 0.034 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 113 | 0.96 | 0.339 |
COVID | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.79 | 0.432 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −1.38 | 0.169 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 113 | 1.83 | 0.070 |
Stressfulness of event | 0.15 | 0.06 | 2483 | 2.45 | 0.014 | ||||||||
Partner availability | 5.89 | 0.36 | 2483 | 16.48 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Others availability | 1.10 | 0.24 | 2483 | 4.56 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Time | −0.01 | 0.01 | 2483 | −1.39 | 0.166 |
Independent Variable | b | SE | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 4.41 | 0.62 | 7.70 | <0.001 |
Attachment anxiety | −0.46 | 0.18 | −2.56 | 0.012 |
Attachment avoidance | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.699 |
Attachment anxiety × Attachment avoidance | 0.25 | 0.17 | 1.50 | 0.137 |
Relationship length | −0.01 | 0.00 | −1.48 | 0.143 |
Relationship quality | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.660 |
Neuroticism | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.97 | 0.336 |
COVID | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.351 |
Participant level mean stressfulness of events | −0.08 | 0.10 | −0.85 | 0.397 |
Participant level mean partner availability | 1.62 | 0.70 | 2.36 | 0.020 |
Participant level mean others availability | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.490 |
Independent Variable | Inter-vs-Intrapersonal ER | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | DF | t | p | |
(Intercept) | −5.70 | 0.55 | 2480 | −10.44 | <0.001 |
Attachment anxiety | 0.19 | 0.28 | 113 | 0.67 | 0.505 |
Attachment avoidance | −0.87 | 0.35 | 113 | −2.51 | 0.013 |
Partner availability | 5.98 | 0.36 | 2480 | 16.43 | <0.001 |
Attachment anxiety: Attachment avoidance | 0.58 | 0.26 | 113 | 2.26 | 0.026 |
Attachment anxiety: Partner availability | −0.55 | 0.37 | 2480 | −1.50 | 0.133 |
Attachment avoidance: Partner availability | 0.29 | 0.46 | 2480 | 0.63 | 0.527 |
Attachment anxiety: Attachment avoidance: Partner availability | −0.38 | 0.41 | 2480 | −0.92 | 0.357 |
Relationship length | −0.01 | 0.01 | 113 | −1.57 | 0.119 |
Female | 0.42 | 0.57 | 113 | 0.74 | 0.462 |
Relationship quality | 0.04 | 0.36 | 113 | 0.12 | 0.904 |
Neuroticism | 0.28 | 0.16 | 113 | 1.73 | 0.087 |
Extraversion | 0.14 | 0.14 | 113 | 1.00 | 0.320 |
COVID | 0.02 | 0.01 | 113 | 1.87 | 0.065 |
Stressfulness of event | 0.15 | 0.06 | 2480 | 2.44 | 0.015 |
Others availability | 1.11 | 0.24 | 2480 | 4.58 | <0.001 |
Time | −0.01 | 0.01 | 2480 | −1.41 | 0.159 |
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Mosannenzadeh, F.; Luijten, M.; MacIejewski, D.F.; Wiewel, G.V.; Karremans, J.C. Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Romantic Relationships. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090758
Mosannenzadeh F, Luijten M, MacIejewski DF, Wiewel GV, Karremans JC. Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Romantic Relationships. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(9):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090758
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Maartje Luijten, Dominique F. MacIejewski, Grace V. Wiewel, and Johan C. Karremans. 2024. "Adult Attachment and Emotion Regulation Flexibility in Romantic Relationships" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 9: 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090758