Animals for the Deceased: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Bronze Age in the Castillejo del Bonete Site (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, Spain)
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
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- More than one animal in anatomical connection can suggest the intentionality of the whole and eliminates doubt regarding whether the deposit is coincidental or intentional for hygienic purposes.
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- Majority selection of important species in production (including domestic ones).
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- Structured arrangement of the skeletal parts and of whole animals in space.
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- Appearance of anatomical parts of high content in flesh, and therefore, characteristic of the typical diet, with low fracture rates. These can be interpreted as meat offerings to the deceased, but no significant volume of remains has been documented.
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- Preference regarding laterality (which side has an important symbolic meaning in the ritual offerings).
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- Abundance of one sex and of ages or very young or adult (female specimens associated with women, while the male is associated with men).
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- Association with or proximity to human remains as well as a relationship with archaeological material of various kinds (vessels, mills, remains, charred vegetables, etc.).
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- Animals are not usually documented in anatomical connection. High frequency of fractures and cut marks related to the lack of flesh.
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- Majority selection of important species in production (including domestic ones).
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- There is no evidence of a structured arrangement of skeletal remains in space.
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- Appearance of a considerable volume of remains among which the parts are predominantly anatomical, of high meat content, and therefore, important to the diet.
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- There is no preference for laterality.
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- Abundance of remains that are inferred to be adult ages.
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- Association or proximity to human remains
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- To infer the use of the animals;
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- To try to infer the nature (symbolic/feast) of the animal deposits from the human population.
2. Materials and Methods
Dating of the Site
3. Results
3.1. Taxonomical Identification
3.2. Zooarchaeological Analysis
3.3. Taphonomic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lab. Code | Label/Location | Remains | Radiocarbon Age 14C BP | Cal BC (2 σ) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BETA-350768 | Cave. Gallery 2, Survey W. TE12BO UE260 19 | Human phalanx next to variscite | 3870 ± 30 | 2465–2211 | [12] p. 84. |
POZ-67167 | Cave. Gallery 2. Survey E. TE12BO UE26007 | Branch of Quercus ílex. Bonfire on the floor at the foot of an anthropomorphic painting on the wall. | 3385 ± 35 | 1769–1565 | [16] p. 114. |
ROME-1687 | Great Tumulus 11. Tomb 4 (double inhumation) | Femur of Individual 2 | 3720 ± 70 | 2340–1921 | [12] p. 84. |
POZ-67168 | Cave. Gallery 2. Survey E. TE12BO UE26015 | Rhamnus sp. Sanitary cave cremation | 3695 ± 35 | 2199–1977 | [16] p. 114. |
POZ-73665 | Tumulus 2. Floor. TE13BO UE194 | phalanx | 3610 ± 35 | 2120–1885 | [17] |
PSUAMS-2077 | Great Tumulus 1.Tomb1 TE03BO D8 UE12 | Human dental piece | 3565 ± 25 | 2014–1781 | [49] |
UCIAMS-205912 | Cave Gallery 2 (SurveyW) TE12BO W UE26020 | Mandible Erinaceus europaeus | 3430 ± 20 | 1869–1665 | [50] |
WCM | DEM | |
---|---|---|
Castillejo del Bonete | 10.03 | 9.7 |
10 | 9.3 | |
10.3 | 9.1 | |
12.8 | 11.7 | |
10.8 | 11.37 | |
Ovis aries (LASH) | 14.58 | 12.76 |
11.7 | 10.74 | |
9.89 | 10.21 | |
12.92 | 11.53 | |
11.5 | 10.3 | |
10.47 | 9.91 | |
10.4 | 9.9 | |
11.63 | 10.8 | |
13.08 | 11.63 | |
12.46 | 12.87 | |
10.69 | 9.14 | |
12.97 | 11.36 | |
12.92 | 11.77 | |
12.43 | 11.69 | |
13.31 | 11.94 | |
12.61 | 12.96 | |
14.46 | 12.88 | |
13.7 | 11.82 | |
Ovis aries (MNHN) | 12.71 | 11.02 |
14.12 | 13.14 | |
11.74 | 12.69 | |
15.73 | 12.4 | |
12.53 | 12.86 | |
12.38 | 12.07 | |
Capra hircus (MNHN) | 13.62 | 9.11 |
13.06 | 10.57 | |
12.9 | 8.31 | |
13.78 | 11.99 | |
13.41 | 10.73 | |
10.44 | 8.76 | |
11.93 | 10.12 |
Gallery2/ NISP | 207 | 212 | 217 | 218 | 228 | 229 | 230 | 26006 | 26010 | 26013 | 26014 | 26015 | 26019 | 26025 | 26028 | 26029 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caprines | 5 | 2 | 39 | 3 | 36 | 29 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 56 | 3 | 1 | ||||
Ovis aries | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Bos taurus | 8 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Sus sp. | 2 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 1 | |||||||||||
Equus caballus | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Leporidae indet. | 3 | 6 | 1 | 22 | 1 | |||||||||||
Ocun | 6 | 1 | 24 | 11 | 2 | |||||||||||
Lepus granatensis | 1 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 21 | |||||||||||
Cervus elaphus | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||
Carnivora indet. | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Canis familiaris | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Meles meles | 4 | 1 | 6 | 7 | ||||||||||||
Birds | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
LS | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||
MS | 2 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 7 | 67 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 97 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
SS | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 16 | |||||||||
TOT | 22 | 10 | 77 | 10 | 58 | 159 | 13 | 11 | 3 | 251 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 |
Gallery 2 | SU | F | N | J | SA | A | S | Indet. | Total |
207 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
212 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
217 | 1 (P) | 1 (C) | 2 | ||||||
228 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
229 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
230 | 1 (isol) | 1 (isol) | 2 | ||||||
26006 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
26010 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
26013 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
26028 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
26029 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Total | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 16 |
Gal3/NISP | 41 (s.3.1) | 42 (s.3.1) | 49 | 59 (s.3.1) | 73 (s.3.1) | 78 (s.3.1) | 91 (s.3.0) | 93 | 94 | 99 | 114 (s.3.1) | 116 (s.3.0) | 126 (s.3.0) | 127 (s.3.0.4 | 199 | 200 (s.3.0) | 127 (s.3.0.4 | 129 (s.3.1) |
Caprines | 1 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 5 | 13 | 16 | 2 | ||
Oar | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Bt | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Sus sp. | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||
Lep ind. | 2 | 2 | 10 | 10 | ||||||||||||||
O cun | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | ||||||||||||
Lepus sp. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Cer elap | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
Capr capr | ||||||||||||||||||
Carn indet. | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Canis fam | ||||||||||||||||||
Mm | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Avif | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
TG | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
TM | 6 | 8 | 20 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 1 | 21 | 16 | 5 | ||||
TP | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30 | ||||||||||||||
TOT | 1 | 14 | 23 | 22 | 25 | 12 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 26 | 7 | 36 | 50 | 6 | 86 | 50 | 9 |
Gal3/NISP | 134 (s.3.0) | 140 (s.3.1) | 141 (s.3.0) | 143 (s.3.1) | 158 | 160 (s.3.1. | 162 (s.3.0) | 166 | 182 (s.3.2) | 185 (s.3.3) | 191 (s.3.4) | 192 (s.3.0) | 193 | 195 (s.3.0) | 199 | 200 (s.3.0) | ||
Caprines | 13 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 48 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 13 | ||||
Oar | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Bt | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||||||||
Sus sp. | 1 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||||
Lep ind. | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 1 | ||||||||||||
O cun | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||||||||||
Lepus sp. | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Cer elap | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||
Capr capr | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Carn indet. | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Canis fam | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Mm | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
Avif | ||||||||||||||||||
TG | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 3 | ||||||||||||
TM | 6 | 18 | 4 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 53 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 21 | |||
TP | 3 | 3 | 30 | |||||||||||||||
TOT | 15 | 33 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 9 | 3 | 24 | 147 | 22 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 6 | 86 |
Gallery 3 | SU/Age Category | F | N | J | SA | A | S | Indet. | Total |
41 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
42 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
49 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
73 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
78 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
91 | 1 (P) | 2 (P) | 3 | ||||||
93 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
114 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
116 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
126 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
127 | 1 (P) | 1(P) | 1 (P) | 3 | |||||
129 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
134 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
140 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
141 | 1 | ||||||||
143 | 1 | ||||||||
158 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
162 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
166 | 2 (P) | 2 | |||||||
182 | 2 (P) | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 4 | |||||
185 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
191 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
195 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
199 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
200 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
TOTAL | 3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 32 |
Gallery 4/NISP | 156 | 202 | 206 (pit 2) | 209 | 210 | 211 | 212 | 224 | 225 | 244 (pit 1) | 309 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caprines | 16 | 16 | 21 | 87 | 232 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 15 | 5 | 9 |
Bos taurus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 26 | 2 | ||||||
Sus sp. | 2 | 3 | 2 | 18 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Equus caballus | 1 | ||||||||||
Leporidae indet. | 5 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
Oryctolagus cuniculus | 7 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 2 | 2 | |||||
Lepus sp. | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Cervus elaphus | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||
Carnivora indet. | 6 | ||||||||||
Canis familiaris | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
Meles meles | 2 | ||||||||||
LS | 4 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
MS | 46 | 6 | 8 | 32 | 310 | 16 | |||||
SS | 3 | 4 | 1 | 23 | 1 | ||||||
TOTAL | 86 | 37 | 37 | 135 | 627 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 42 | 11 | 9 |
Gallery 4 | SU/Age Category | F | N | J | SA | A | S | Indet. | MNI |
156 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
202 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 2 | ||||||
206 | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 1 (P) | 3 | |||||
209 | 1 (C) + 2 (P) | 1 (P) | 4 | ||||||
211 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
224 | 1 (isol) | 1 (isol) | 2 | ||||||
225 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
244 | 1 (P) | 1 | |||||||
Total | 2 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 16 |
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Galindo-Pellicena, M.Á.; Pérez-Romero, A.; Gómez-Felipe, A.; Romero-Ruiz, M.; Blázquez-Orta, R.; Andreu-Alarcón, S.; Benítez de Lugo Enrich, L. Animals for the Deceased: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Bronze Age in the Castillejo del Bonete Site (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, Spain). Animals 2025, 15, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050680
Galindo-Pellicena MÁ, Pérez-Romero A, Gómez-Felipe A, Romero-Ruiz M, Blázquez-Orta R, Andreu-Alarcón S, Benítez de Lugo Enrich L. Animals for the Deceased: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Bronze Age in the Castillejo del Bonete Site (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, Spain). Animals. 2025; 15(5):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050680
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalindo-Pellicena, María Ángeles, Amalia Pérez-Romero, Andrea Gómez-Felipe, Marta Romero-Ruiz, Raquel Blázquez-Orta, Silvia Andreu-Alarcón, and Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich. 2025. "Animals for the Deceased: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Bronze Age in the Castillejo del Bonete Site (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, Spain)" Animals 15, no. 5: 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050680
APA StyleGalindo-Pellicena, M. Á., Pérez-Romero, A., Gómez-Felipe, A., Romero-Ruiz, M., Blázquez-Orta, R., Andreu-Alarcón, S., & Benítez de Lugo Enrich, L. (2025). Animals for the Deceased: Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Bronze Age in the Castillejo del Bonete Site (Terrinches, Ciudad Real, Spain). Animals, 15(5), 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050680