A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Equids Management
- Discharged: The animal has fully recovered and is ready to go home.
- Discharged not fully recovered: The animal has partially recovered but the owner pushed for taking him home. The veterinarians agreed to it only knowing the animal would complete the recovery at home.
- Euthanasia: Quiet and painless death performed with drugs by veterinarians, due to humane reasons [21].
- Dead: Cessation of vital functions without human intervention or assistance.
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Handling
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Text mining on Anamnesis
3.3. Univariable and Multivariable Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Categories |
---|---|
Species | Horse, donkey, mule |
Sex | Stallion, gelding, female |
Age | <1 month, <1 year, 1–5 years, 5–15 years, 15–20 years, >20 years |
Anamnesis | Reporting what the owner said, with his/her words |
Duration of signs before admission | Within 48 h, after 2–3 days, after 4–9 days, after 10–15 days, >20 days |
Previous treatments | Directly at EEA, examined by another vet, examined from a farrier, owner administered therapies |
Treatments before hospitalisation | Faulty injection, diuretic, firing, inappropriate shoes or over-trimming, suture, other management (e.g., no drink for >24 h, clean wounds with chemical cleaners), seaton, castration |
Heart rate | Normal, slightly increased, moderately increased, highly increased |
Rectal temperature | Normal, slightly increased, moderately increased, highly abnormal (i.e., highly increased or highly decreased) |
Skin turgor | Normal, reduced |
Mucous membrane moisture | Moist, sticky |
Colour of the mucous membrane | Pink, pale, congested, cyanotic, icteric, toxic line |
Capillary Refill Time (CRT) | Normal (2 s), slightly increased (3 s), highly increased (≥4 s) |
Digital pulse | Not palpable, on one leg, on two legs, palpable on all four legs |
Initial diagnosis | Wound, orthopaedic problems, colic, infectious diseases (i.e., piroplasmosis, tetanus, habronema, and vesicular stomatitis), eye lesions, neurological problems, fracture, abscess, respiratory problems, starvation, other (i.e., swelling, hematoma, congenital deformities, and sarcoids) |
Number of diagnoses | One, two, three or more |
Analgesics | None, not administered due to immediate euthanasia, Flunixin Meglumine, Phenylbutazone |
Outcome | Discharged, discharged not fully recovered, euthanasia, dead |
Hospitalisation period length | <1 week, 1 week–1 month, 1–2 months, >2 months |
Year | Number of Cases | Discharged | Discharged Not Fully Recovered | Euthanasia | Dead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 369 (27.1%) | 244 (66.1%) | 35 (9.5%) | 76 (20.6%) | 14 (3.8%) |
2020 1 | 84 (6.2%) | 64 (76.2%) | 2 (2.4%) | 5 (6%) | 12 (14.3%) |
2021 | 420 (30.9%) | 284 (67.6%) | 16 (3.8%) | 102 (24.3%) | 18 (4.3%) |
2022 1 | 487 (35.8%) | 316 (64.9%) | 13 (2.6%) | 129 (26.5%) | 25 (5.1%) |
Total 1 | 1360 (100%) | 908 (66.7%) | 66 (4.9%) | 312 (22.9%) | 69 (5.1%) |
Variable Name | Categories | Frequency (n) | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Species | Horse | 892 | 65.6% |
Donkey | 449 | 33.0% | |
Mule | 19 | 1.4% | |
Sex (n = 1356) 1 | Stallion | 931 | 68.7% |
Gelding | 18 | 1.3% | |
Female | 407 | 30.0% | |
Age (n = 898) 1 | <1 month | 16 | 1.8% |
<1 year | 86 | 9.6% | |
1–5 years | 336 | 37.4% | |
5–15 years | 336 | 37.4% | |
15–20 years | 80 | 8.9% | |
>20 years | 44 | 4.9% | |
Hospitalisation period length (n = 1336) 1 | <1 week | 371 | 27.8% |
1 week–1 month | 570 | 42.7% | |
1–2 months | 261 | 19.5% |
Inappropriate Treatment | Description | Frequency (n) | % |
---|---|---|---|
Faulty injection | Intramuscular or intravenous injections performed in non-sterile conditions, with dirty needles. In most cases, they lead to swellings, neck/rump abscesses, or phlebitis. | 29 | 22.5% |
Diuretic | Diuretic drugs are commonly misused during colic, worsening the state of hydration already compromised by the disease. | 24 | 18.6% |
Firing | Causing one or more burn wounds is a practice misused with the idea of facilitating the healing of certain disorders such as laminitis, lameness, diarrhoea, and others. | 18 | 14.0% |
Inappropriate shoes or over-trimming | The farrier cuts the nail too much or applies shoes unsuitable for the animal. | 16 | 12.4% |
Suture | Stitches placed by the owner or inexperienced persons, in non-sterile conditions and often with unsuitable threads (e.g., suturing the animal using its hair as thread). This causes the sutures to break and the wound to become infected. | 15 | 11.6% |
Other management | Incorrect management by the owner. Examples are giving the animal many kilos of grain, not letting the animal drink for more than 24 h, and applying chemical cleaners and/or alcohol to wounds. | 14 | 10.9% |
Seaton | Leaving a ‘stitch’ made with a rope on one or different parts of the animal’s body for a few days/weeks with the same intent as firing. | 10 | 7.8% |
Castration (performed by inexperienced people) | This surgical procedure should only be performed by veterinarians under sterile conditions and with the animal properly sedated/anesthetised. Improvisation of this surgery by inexperienced persons leads to complications such as bleeding and evisceration. | 3 | 2.3% |
Variable Name | Categories | Frequency (n) | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Heart Rate (n = 1278) 1 | Normal | 373 | 29.2% |
Slightly increased | 327 | 25.6% | |
Moderately increased | 245 | 19.2% | |
Highly increased | 333 | 26.1% | |
Rectal temperature (n = 1251) 1 | Normal | 782 | 62.5% |
Slightly increased | 243 | 19.4% | |
Moderately increased | 117 | 9.4% | |
Highly abnormal | 109 | 8.7% | |
Skin turgor (n = 1267) 1 | Normal | 939 | 74.1% |
Reduced | 328 | 25.9% | |
Mucous membrane moisture (n = 1248) 1 | Moist | 1124 | 90.1% |
Sticky | 124 | 9.9% | |
Colour of the mucous membrane (n = 1249) 1 | Pink | 787 | 63.0% |
Pale | 298 | 23.9% | |
Congested | 109 | 8.7% | |
Icteric | 33 | 2.6% | |
Toxic line | 17 | 1.4% | |
Cyanotic | 5 | 0.4% | |
CRT (n = 1230) 1 | Normal (2 s) | 878 | 71.4% |
Slightly increased (3 s) | 294 | 23.9% | |
Highly increased (≥4 s) | 58 | 4.7% | |
Digital pulse (n = 1034) 1 | Not palpable | 914 | 88.4% |
On one leg | 38 | 3.7% | |
On 2 legs | 45 | 4.4% | |
Palpable on all 4 legs | 37 | 3.6% |
Type of Diagnosis | Frequency (n) | Percentage * |
---|---|---|
Wound | 393 | 28.9% |
Orthopaedic problems | 373 | 27.4% |
Other | 205 | 15.1% |
Colic | 116 | 8.5% |
Infectious disease | 100 | 7.4% |
Fracture | 81 | 6.0% |
Abscess | 72 | 5.3% |
Starvation | 56 | 4.1% |
Eye lesions | 37 | 2.7% |
Neurological problem | 34 | 2.5% |
Respiratory problem | 24 | 1.8% |
Missing data | 8 | 0.6% |
Variable | Estimate ± SE | OR | CI (5–95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Species | 0.813 | |||
Sex | 0.032 | |||
Female | Ref | |||
Male | 0.287 ± 0.134 | 1.333 | 1.070–1.664 | 0.032 |
Heart Rate | <0.001 | |||
Normal | Ref | |||
Slightly increased | 0.316 ± 0.176 | 1.372 | 1.027–1.834 | 0.072 |
Moderately increased | 0.569 ± 0.189 | 1.767 | 1.294–2.412 | 0.003 |
Highly increased | 0.668 ± 0.176 | 1.951 | 1.461–2.610 | 0.0001 |
Rectal temperature | 0.597 | |||
Mucous membrane moisture | 0.427 | |||
Colour of the mucous membrane | <0.001 | |||
Physiological | Ref | |||
Pathological | 0.644 ± 0.137 | 1.904 | 1.521–2.384 | 0.0001 |
Capillary Refill Time—CRT (s) | <0.001 | |||
Physiological | Ref | |||
Pathological | 0.594 ± 0.146 | 1.811 | 1.422–2.303 | <0.001 |
Digital pulse | 0.376 |
Variable | Estimate ± SE | OR | CI (5–95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.050 | |||
Female | Ref | |||
Male | 0.283 ± 0.148 | 1.327 | 1.042–1.696 | 0.050 |
Colour of the mucous membrane | <0.001 | |||
Physiological | Ref | |||
Pathological | 0.541 ± 0.150 | 1.718 | 1.343–2.198 | <0.001 |
Capillary Refill Time—CRT (s) | 0.020 | |||
Physiological | Ref | |||
Pathological | 0.348 ± 0.159 | 1.416 | 1.089–1.840 | 0.020 |
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Benedetti, B.; Freccero, F.; Barton, J.; Elmallah, F.; Refat, S.; Padalino, B. A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome. Animals 2024, 14, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050817
Benedetti B, Freccero F, Barton J, Elmallah F, Refat S, Padalino B. A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome. Animals. 2024; 14(5):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050817
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenedetti, Beatrice, Francesca Freccero, Jill Barton, Farah Elmallah, Sandy Refat, and Barbara Padalino. 2024. "A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome" Animals 14, no. 5: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050817
APA StyleBenedetti, B., Freccero, F., Barton, J., Elmallah, F., Refat, S., & Padalino, B. (2024). A Retrospective Study on the Status of Working Equids Admitted to an Equine Clinic in Cairo: Disease Prevalence and Associations between Physical Parameters and Outcome. Animals, 14(5), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050817